Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Occupational Health of Laboratory Animal Workers (VI. Occupational…

- - - - Inhalation- Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Influenza virus, Hantavirus, Q fever
        Ingestion - Shigella spp, Salmonella spp, Campylobacter spp
        Parenteral - injury with contaminated sharps, including needles or scalpels, or wounds sustained from animal bites and scratches (Pasteurella spp, B virus, Bartonella henselae)
        Ocular and mucous membrane - Dermatophytes, zoonotic species of Ectoparasites, contact allergy
    - - Zoonosis
        
        Allergens
        
        Genetically altered or wild type pathogens in experimental protocols
        
        contaminant pathogens in cultured cell media
        
        Bacterial toxins
        
        Recombinant genetic materials
    - - Allergens
        
        Mouse and rat urinary allergens are a major source of inhalable allergenic protein for laboratory animal workers
        
        During Washing and Cleaning cages
        
        Indirect exposure to lower levels of allergen
        
        Allergenicity of animal allergens varies between species
        
        Rabbits have higher allergenicity than mouse, rats and guinea pigs while hamsters were unlikely to cause allergic symptoms
        
        male rodents cause greater degrees of allergens sensitization than female rodents (males excrete higher levels of urinary protein antigens compared to females)
        
        allergy to non-human primate appears to be rare
        
        dust mites - can cause rhinitis and other allergies
      - Endotoxin
        
        Aerosolized during work with rodents and other species
        
        Daily endotoxin exposure has been found to correlate with respiratory and skin symptoms
  - - - Inhalation
      - Ingestion
      - Mucocutaneous contact
      - Percutaneous inoculation
    - - Ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, orthopthalaldehyde, phenol &phenolic compound, hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, ethylene oxide, sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide
      - EFFECT
        
        Flammable
        
        Allergic symptom
        
        Occupational asthma
        
        Neurologic, respiratory & cardiac toxicity
        
        Severe burns to skin (corrosive)
        
        Gastritis & GIT perforation (if ingested)
      - Pesticides
    - - Nitrous oxide & halogenated gases: reduce fertility& cause abortion
      - Gaseous anesthesia
        
        High concentration EXPOSURE cause CNS toxicity, CVS toxicity & defects fetus
        
        Also release other harmful gaseous at the same time:
        
        Co2, Carbon monoxide,nitrogen
      - Ketamine, opiode, etomidate, paralytic & barbiturate can cause acute loss consciousness
  - - - Emotional
        bonding between human & animal
        
        Lead to psychological distress when the worker need to keep animal enclosure, euthanised the animal & capture wild animal
    - - Job demand
      - Job control
      - Relationship between employees
      - Health & condition working environment
      - Feeling of isolation & stress
    - - Depression, lethargy, appetite change, insomnia, labile mood
        
        Lead to loss of work, high staff turnover, low morale & productivity
        
        May lead to severe depression & suicide
- - - - For hazards that cannot be controlled
        
        Screening workers at the baseline and periodically - help detect the presence of unacceptable exposures
        
        Vaccination
        
        Periodic screening of work-related conditions
        
        Training and education - improve ability of workers to function with degree of highest safety
        
        Management of the injured or ill worker
        
        Job modification
        
        Removal from workplace
  - - - Occupational Health Providers
        
        Provide health care services for animal laboratory workers
        
        Physicians, advanced practices nurses, physician associates, licensed nurses and medical assistants
        
        Essential to have medical consultants that are knowledgeable about B virus (Macacine Herpesvirus 1) and other hazards
      - Veterinary Staff
        
        Core members of occupational health system
        
        Deal with animal diseases and necessary procedures involved in animal care
        
        Involve in handling, veterinary and research support
        
        Develop occupational safety and health strategies for animal workers
      - Industrial Hygienist
        
        Preventing and controlling environmental factors in the workplace which may impaired health or significant discomfort among workers
        
        Monitor and analyze workplace hazards
      - Infection Control/Biosafety Officer
        
        Oversee management and biosafety risks
        
        Involved in biosafety in laboratories involving animals as well as those handling specific pathogens
        
        Ensure that workable policies and procedures are in place for reduction of infectious risk to workers
        
        Evaluate biosafety risks involved with particular pathogens, animal species and experimental procedures
        
        Recommend particular hazard controls to reduce exposure risks
        
        Oversee and conduct training for workers in specific procedures to reduces chances of microbial contamination
      - Laboratory animal care workers
        
        Ensure competency level
        
        Feedback from workers is helpful in identifying new hazards as well as innovative methods to control of such hazards
      - Animal Care and Use Committee
        
        Oversee all aspects of institution's animal care and use program
        
        Review proposed animal care and use protocols and considering impacts on both animal health and well-being
        
        Consideration of potential occupational risks to the laboratory animal workers engaged in the protocol
- - - - Risk assessment
        
        Determine whether the worker can safely perform the purposed job with or without particular accommodations.
        
        Pregnant Worker
        
        Immunocompromised
        
        Fetuses are at increased susceptibility to a number of occupational exposures
        
        Anesthetic gases
        
        Increased risk of infection with Coxiella burnetti (Q fever)
        
        Immunocompromised worker
        
        Malignancy
        
        Chemotherapy-induced immunosuppressant
        
        Biopharmaceutical-induced immunosuppressants
        
        HIV infection
        
        Congenital immunodeficiencies
        
        Personnel involved
        
        Protective equipment
        
        Proposed experimental Procedure (including species involved)
        
        Place/facility
        
        Pathogens
      - Baseline testing
        
        Testing should be customized to the types of species and other exposures that will be encountered.
        
        Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) surveillance
        
        Indicated for workers who enter or use facilities housing nonhuman primates.
        
        Reducing the risk for non-human primate colonies due to their susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC)
        
        Measles
        
        Workers for nonhuman primates laboratory.
        
        Possibility of bidirectional transmission between non-immune humans and animals
  - - - Hepatitis A vaccine
      - Rabies vaccine
      - Use of non-highly attenuated strains of vaccine virus as recombinant vector systems for animal-based research in infectious diseases, cancer and other area.
  - - - Safety and biosafety training from their instituition in order to safely perform work tasks.
        
        Must have periodic refreshers
        
        Completion are documented for each worker
        
        Review of specific hazards in the workplace and availability of resources (material safety data sheets, access to professional advice)
        
        Educational material must be appropriate (language and literacy)
        
        Early recognition of symptom that could indicate development of allergic condition, infectious disease and how to handle the situation.
  - - - Acute infections: Animal bites and other exposures
        
        Wound cleansing, applying bandage, monitoring site for possible infections.
        
        Workers should report on fever, local sign of infections or other new symptoms to the medical care provider
        
        Provide information about the species animal involved as well as suspected zoonotic pathogen associated.
      - Other occupational injuries
        
        slips and falls, cuts and black injuries should receive prompt and appropriate treatment.
        In follow-up, there should be assessment of the workplace circumstances of the injury.
      - Acute allergic condition
        
        Low threshold for referral to an adequate medical facility should be maintained in any allergic circumstances that appears to develop rapidly.
      - Management of specific Medical conditions.
        
        Management of the Worker Who Has Developed Animal Allergies
        
        Development or worsening of allergic symptoms may be detected through periodic screening
        
        Medical management include use of anti-histamine and corticosteroids.
        
        Reduction of further exposure by, close monitoring and work restriction,
        
        Recognition and management of work related asthma in animal laboratory workers
        
        Worker with asthmatic symptoms must distinct the type of asthma as it will affect the management necessary of the workplace.
        
        Irritant-induced asthma may be managed by relatively straightfoward method to reduce irritant exposure.
        
        Asthma due to allergic sensitization may require removal
        
        Close monitoring of such workers with serial spirometry is necessary
        
        1 more item...
        
        Psychosocial Distress
        
        symptoms with depression or anxiety should be referred to counseling and and a careful review of performance of job related activity
        
        Such workers may need additional support and seek help in confidential setting.
        
        Other Work Restrictions and Return to Work Decisions
        
        workers may develop new medical conditions that requires time away from work or a change in work abilities. such event should have reevaluation of their job exposures.
        
        The occupational medical provider for the animal care facility should ideally be involved in medical decisions in regarding return to work for such individuals as well as possible restriciton.
  - - - When communicating with with supervisors or other management personnel regarding particular work the information should not be closed or confidential.
        
        Ensuring such confidentiality encourages openness during medical encounters between employers and medical care provider and helps ensure screening, prevention and management of occupational health issues.
  - - - Screening for Animal Allergies
        
        Prioritize in he first 2-3 years of employment
        
        Questionnaires on new symptoms or worsening of existing symptoms
        
        In person evalution by clinician should be indicated if symptom such as rhinitis, conjunctivitis occurs
      - Opportunities to recognize occupational health interventions that may improve the health and productivity of workers.
        
        Concerns
        
        Depression
        
        Anxiety development
        
        Handling of laboratory animal
        
        Update health assessment for laboratory workers each time there is a new pathogen, animal in the vicinity.
        
        Program review such as respirator training, giving questionnaires regarding safety measures on annual basis
      - Screening for Occupational Asthma
        
        Questionnaires on respiratory symptoms such as wheezing, coughing shortness of breath.
        
        Medical evalution by clinician should include spirometry testing of lung function.
        
        Peak flow diary can be given to workers to determine if work exposure are associated with peak flow decrease in the airway
      - Screening for Zoonotic Disease
        
        Questionnaires relating to symptoms of fever, pneumonia and diarrhea.
        
        Tuberculosis status monitored annually by yearly skin testing
        
        Evalution of a specific disease can be done by serological testing or direct exam.
      - Screening for Hearing Loss
        
        Workers exposed to noise of >85dBA over an 8-hour work shift are enrolled in hearing conservation program
        
        If there is a hearing loss, they should be notified, counseled and referred as necessary.
        
        Review on controlling loud noise sources to prevent accidents.
- - - - Engineering Controls
        
        Administrative Controls
        
        PPE
        
        Wear head covering, gloves etc when contact with hazardous substances
        
        Workplace practice control and training of workers
        
        Use technology to reduce hazard
      - Substitute with alternative less hazard source
- - - - Biological, physical, chemical and psychosocial hazards
- - - - Substances:
        
        Urine, dander, saliva, bedding, feed, mold & insects.
    - - Sneezing, rhinitis, nasal discharge, eyelid swelling, conjunctivitis & tearing, itching & dermatitis, asthma following severe rhinitis, anaphylaxis
    - - 33% Workers handling rodents and rabbits develop LAA within first several years of employment
    - - History of atopy, allergy to other furred animals, smoking, hay fever, asthma.
  - - - airway hyper-responsiveness & inflammation
    - - Shortness of breath, dry cough, wheezing, chest pain
    - - 10% of animal handlers
    - - Exposure to allergens, exposure to endotoxin in animal bedding & dust in animal facilities, smoking, skin test reactivity to non-animal allergens.
  - - - Infections transmitted between animals and humans
      - Ring worm (most frequent) , Macacine Herpesvirus 1, Q fever, Giardiasis, Pasteurellosis, cat scratch disease, Rhinovirus
    - - 0.45% reported per year
    - - Fear of retaliation in workplace, lack of faith in institutional occupational health programs
  - - - Emotional distress among workers who regularly euthanize or perform invasive procedures on animals.
    - - process of becoming desensitized to euthanasia & performing experiments procedures
        
        uneasiness about value of research
        
        difficulty to discuss work with others
        
        development of emotional bonds with animals that may hinder performing invasive procedures
- - - - Muhamad Aiman bin Mohd Mokhtar (D16A0021)
        
        .4 Ahmad Syakir bin Che Roslan (D16A003)
        
        Maysarah binti Mat Yatya (D16A0019)
        
        Kua Jee Ken (D16A0018)
        
        Mu SIew Woon (D16A0020)
        
        Chong PohJean (D16B0039)