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Natural Enemies (Factors for Successful Colonization (Determining success,…
Natural Enemies
Factors for Successful Colonization
Appropriate climate
Alternative host
Biological competitors
Suitability
Host plants
Food
Shelter
Insect to host
Effective natural enemy
Established in three years
Established in three generations
Discontinue after three years
Determining success
Field observations
Rear parasites from host
Dissect collected material
Sweep net or suction
Importance
Controls pests
"Classical" Biological control
Country of origin
Similar conditions
Ecology
Climate
Host specific
How to use Biological Control
Monitor
Pest populations
Predator populations
Supplemental releases
Natural enemies
Insecticide application
Selective
Implement Agricultural Practices
Favors beneficial organisms
Educate public
Reduced pesticide use
Cultural practices
Examples of Biological Control
Cottony cushion scale
Controlled
Fly
Coccinelid beetle
Cal Red scale
Wasp (Aphytis melinus)
Ash and Giant Whitefly
Wasp
Parasitoids
Endoparasites
Develop internally
Ectoparasites
Develop externally
History
Exotic pest introduction
Commerce
Ship trading
Decreased pest detection
Less funding
Arrives without natural enemies
Predators
Parasites
China
9th century
Ants feed on citrus
1602
First record of parasitization
Pieris rapae
(wasp)
18th century
First record of insect pathogen
Fungus infecting a cutworm
Pro and Con of Biological Control
Pros
Established
Persistence
Performance
Safety
Public
Economics
Save on long-term
Cons
Lengthy effectiveness
Damage to crop
Effects on weather
Control agent
Specificity
Multiple pests on single crop
Releasing multiple bio agents