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Renal Physiology (Solute Reabsorption (The proximal tubule reabsorbs the…

- - - - :check: Primary active transport
      - :check: Solvent drag
      - :check: Carrier-mediated secondary active transport
      - :check: Passive diffusion
    - - :one: The transcellular pathway
      - :two: The paracellular pathway
  - - - Bile salts
        
        Oxalate
        
        Urate
        
        Creatinine
        
        Prostagladins
        
        Epinephrine
        
        Hippurates
    - - Antibiotics
        
        Diuretics
        
        The analgesic morphine
        
        The potent herbicide paraquat
  - - - The net result of the tubular reabsorption & secretion of the filtered substance
  - - - The Principal cell
        (Has fewer intracytoplasmic vesicles & mitochondria but extensive basolateral plasma membrane infoldings)
        
        Major cell type
        
        Reabsorbs NaCl in the collecting duct
      - The intercalated cell
        (Has many intracytoplasmic vesciles and mictocondria)
        
        Accounts for the remainder of the cortical & outer medullary CD cells
  - - - :pencil2: Allows maximal salt and water conservation because water reabsorption in the CD is enhanced
    - - :pencil2: Acts on specific receptors
    - - :pencil2: Directly enhances Na reabsorption
    - - :pencil2: Produced in the cardiac atria
  - - - To increased apical uptake of Ca2+ in these segments by increasing the activity of the apical Ca2+ channel
    - - Receptors of V D are located predominantly in the DCT & connecting segment
    - - Reduces the serum Ca2+ concentration, largely by stimulating Ca2+ deposition in bone
- - - - The hydrostatic pressure of the blood within the capillary and the oncotic pressure of the fluid within Bowman's space
    - - The net filtration at any point along the glomerular capillary is the difference between the capillary oncotic pressure
  - - - :sunflower: An area between the glomerular tuft & Bowman's capsule
      - :warning: The site of collection of the glomerular filtrate
    - - Capillary endothelium
        
        :check: A single layer of cells with sytoplasmic extesions that are peirced by fenestrae (windows)
      - Basement membrane
        
        Arranged in 3 layers
        
        Lamina rara interna
        
        Lamina rara externa
        
        Lamina densa
      - Visceral epithelium
        
        :star: A layer of intricate, interlocking cells called podocytes
    - - :check: Encased within Bowman's capsule, which is lined with a single layer of epithelium
  - - - Renin release is stimulated by a decrease in renal perfusion pressure
      - Angiotensin II is a potent vasocontrictor
        
        Stimulates production and release of at least 2 vasodilate renal prostagladins: PGE2 & Prostacyclin
    - - Myogenic reflex
        
        A mechanism of autoregulation of renal blood flow and GFR was proposed after the observation that glomerular arterioles respond to changes in arteriolar wall tension
      - Tubuloglomerular feedback
        
        An increase in sodium chloride concentration in the tubule fluid at the macula densa causes a signaling cascade in the macula densa cells
  - - - Cx = (UxV)/Px
        
        :check: Cx: Volume of plasma cleared of substance X per unit time
        :check: Ux: Urine concentration of substance X
        :check: V: Volume of urine collected divided by the time period of the collection
        :check: Px: Plasma concentration of substance X
  - - - Renal cortex
        
        Nephron merge into the collecting duct system, which traverses the kidney and empties into the renal pelvis
      - Outer medullary collecting duct:
        Regulation of acid, Na+, K+, and water excretion
      - Inner medullary collecting duct:
        Final regulation of water, urea, and acid excretion
      - Thin limbs of Henle's loop:
        Maintenance of medullary hypertonicity by countercurrent exchange
      - Thick ascending limb:
        Reabsorption of Na+, K+, & Cl-, dilution of tubule fluid, and generation of medullary hypertonicity
      - Cortical collecting duct:
        Regulation of acid, bicarbonate, Na+, K+ & water excretion
      - Glomerulus
        Filtration of the blood
      - Juxtaglomerular apparatus:
        Regulation of glomerular filtration rate & systemic blood pressure
      - Proximal tubule
        Bulk reabsorption of filtered water and solutes
      - Distal convulated tubule:
        Reabsorption of Na+, Cl-, & divalent cations, dilution of tubule fluid
      - Connecting segment
        Regulation of acid, HCO3+, Ca2+, Na+, K+ and water excretion
- - - - :sunflower: Allows excretion of concentrated urine
    - - :star: Allows excretion of dilute urine
    - - :deciduous_tree: Determines the final urine concentration
  - - - Responsible for the kidney's abilty to concentrate urine at a much higher level than the osmolality of plasma
  - - - :one: Generation of a hypertonic medullary interstitium
        
        Produced and maintained by:
        
        :check: The reabsorption of osmotically active substances by tubules in the medulla
        
        :check: The removal of water from the medullary interstitium by the vasa recta
      - :two: Enhanced water permeability in the collecting duct in the presence of ADH