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ENGLISH MORPHOLOGY (UNIT6 : WORDS AND WORD FORMATION PROCESS (Compounding,…

- - - - noun used as a verb
        
        Bag - to bag
  - - - from Dutch
        
        leak, yacht
      - from Italian
        
        piano, concerto
  - - - edit from editor
      - televise from television
  - - - post+card=postcard
    - - opposite meaning
    - - same meaning
    - - same sound but different meanings.
  - - - We call 'Kleenex' instead of tissue paper.
  - - - fax from facsimile
      - gym from gymnasium
      - lab from laboratory
  - - - Sandwich, it was named for the fourth earl.
  - - - the grapes, the grapevine
  - - - GPA = Grade Point Average
  - - - smoke+fog=smog
      - motor+hotel=motel
- - - - doing words
    - - thing words
    - - describing words
  - - - nowhere, today
    - - fast, hard
  - - - -let, -ette, -ie
        
        droplet, cigarette
    - - -ess, -ine
        
        waitress, beroine
    - - -er, -(i)an
        
        Londoner, Texan
    - - -ship, -hood
        
        ladyship, motherhood
    - - -ist, -ian
        
        Marxist, logician
  - - - -ity
        
        purity
      - -ness
        
        goodness
      - -ism
        
        conservatism
    - - -ance, -ence
        
        performance
      - -ment
        
        development
      - -ing
        
        painting
      - -((a)t)ion
        
        confusion
      - -al
        
        arrival
      - -er
        
        singer
  - - - somewhat X
        
        smallish
    - - not
        
        unhappy
    - - not
        
        intangible, illegal, irresponsible, impossible
  - - - able to be X
        
        readable
    - - tending to X
        
        expectant
    - - tending to X
        
        explosive
    - - joyful
    - - hopeless
    - - personal
    - - selfish
  - - - ones with an 'object' noun phrase
        
        Jill laid the book on the table.
    - - lack such an object.
        
        The book lay on the table.
    - - cause to X
        
        Jill boiled the water.
        
        The water boiled.
  - - - de-
        
        debug
      - -ise
        
        organise
      - -(i)fy
        
        beatify
    - - en-, em-
        
        cause to become X
        
        enslave
        
        empower
- - - - Only one morpheme.
    - - More than one morpheme.
    - - Count every word in a sentence.
    - - Count a word once, no repeat.
    - - Contains an enormous number of words that we can produce.
    - - To create new words and understand new words when we encounter them.
    - - To form new lexemes from old ones.
      - Change the part of speech.
      - Not change category but add new meaning.
      - Both change category and add new meaning.
    - - Expresses grammatical distinctions like number, tense, person, and case among others.
- - - - Prefixes
        
        are attached before the form of word.
      - Suffixes
        
        are attached after the form of word.
      - The bound morphemes are all SUFFIXES.
- - - - the syllable boundary (.)
      - the verbal prefix boundary (=)
      - the morpheme (or formative) boundary (+)
      - the word boundary (#)
      - the phonological phrase boundary (ll)
  - - - free stem
      - bound stem
  - - - posit # black # bird #
  - - - we've is pronounced like weave
      - he'll is pronounced like heel
  - - - apply only between #s
      - produce phonemic changes
      - may have exceptions
      - are not blocked by pauses
      - their outcome cannot be undone
    - - their outcome can be undone
      - do not have exceptions
      - apply between and across #s
      - produce allophonic changes
      - may be blocked by pauses
    - - The rule of aspiration is sensitive to three factors: stress on the following vowel, a word boundary preceding the voiceless stop, and a fricative preceding the voiceless stop.
    - - It was noted that words containing only a morpheme boundary behave like monomorphemic forms.
        
        crimin + al and animal are not different from the viewpoint of phonology.
    - - There remain some unslovable paradoxes. Some of them will be listed here, without any attempt at an explanation.
        
        no have comparative and superlative of sour (sourer, sourest).
- - - - Number
        
        singular
        
        plural
      - Person
        
        first
        
        second
        
        third
      - Tense
        
        past
        
        present
        
        future
      - Other distinctions as well.
  - - - Irregular words may use different inflections than regular ones.
      - Irregular forms may involve internal vowel changes.
  - - - The past tense in a different verb.
        
        go-went
  - - - plural
    - - possessive
    - - comparative
    - - superlative
    - - 3rd person
    - - past tense
    - - progressive
    - - past participle
- - - - can stand alone as an independent, single word.
        
        Lexical morphemes
        
        Content words
        
        noun
        
        verb
        
        adjective
        
        adverb
        
        Funtional morphemes
        
        Function words
        
        articles
        
        preposition
        
        conjunction
        
        quantifier
        
        pronoun
    - - cannot stand alone.
      - All affixes in English are bound morphemes.
    - - They are not meaningful in isolation but have meaning when combined with other morphemes.
  - - - Additive allomorphs
        
        something is added to a word.
      - Replacive allomorphs
        
        replace another sound in a word.
      - Suppletive allomorphs
        
        change in the shape of a word.
      - The zero allomorphs
        
        No change in the shape of a word though some difference in meaning.