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:factory: CHAPTER 7 INCINERATION TECHNOLOGY :factory:
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:factory: CHAPTER 7 INCINERATION TECHNOLOGY :factory:
NUREZLIN AZIERA ROSIDIN (2016249968) CPE655 - EH2208B
Incineration
History
first incinerators for waste disposal Nottingham by Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd. (1874)
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Definition
waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials
Modern Incineration
:diamonds: Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas, particles and heat
:diamonds: These products are later used for generation of electricity
:diamonds: The gases, flue gases are first treated for eradication of pollutants before going in to atmosphere.
:diamonds: It equipped with pollution improvement systems, which play their part in cleaning up the Flue gas and such toxicants
Type of Incinerators
:two: Burn Barrel
More controlled form of private waste incineration, containing the burning material inside a metal barrel, with a metal grating over the exhaust
:three: Rotary Kiln
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In primary chamber, there is conversion of solid fraction to gases
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:one: Burn Pile
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Disadvantanges: high health risk, no air pollution control and fire hazard
:five: Fluidized Bed
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The air gets going through the bed when a point come where sand granules separates and let air pass through them and here comes the part of mixing
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:seven: Moving Grate
This grate capable for hauling waste from combustion chamber to give way for complete and effective combustion
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Work Process
:one: Waste is poured in the grate with a help of crane from and opening or throat
:two: The waste has to move towards the ash pit. Waste is further treated and water locks wash out ash from it
:three: Air is then flown through the waste and this blown air works for cooling down the grate
:four: Air is blown through the boiler for another time and faster than previous
:five: This helps in complete burning of the flue gases with the introduction of turmoil leading to better mixing and excess of oxygen
Advantages
:check: Volume and weight reduced
:check: Waste reduction is immediate
:check: Small disposal area required
:check: Air discharges can be controlled
Disadvantages
:red_cross: Skilled operators are required
:red_cross: Some material require supplemental fuel
:red_cross: Some materials are noncombustible
:red_cross: High capital cost
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Pyrolysis
Definition
Thermal decomposition through the application of intense, indirect heat in the absence of oxygen
Waste material is reduced to synthetic gas (syngas), bio-oil and non-hazardous carbon char (biochar)
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Type of Pyrolysis
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Fast
:star: Takes 2 seconds
:star: Flash Pyrolysis
:star: Most Widely Used
:star: Temperatures between 300 – 550 Celsius
:star: Char accumulates quickly
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Disadvantages
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At higher moisture contents, high levels of water are produced
Gasification
History
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Have extended use- not only in producing gas and energy, but also used for municipal solid waste (present)
Work Process
:star: Involve the reaction of carbonaceous feedstock with an oxygen-containing reagent
:star: Common temperature: 800°C
:star: Used partial oxidation-oxygen
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Type of Gasifier
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Vertical Fixed Bed
It requires a uniform, homogeneous fuel such as densified refuse-derived fuel (RDF)
Fuel flow through the gasifier by gravity, with air and fuel
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Advantages
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easier to handle, meter, control and burn than solid MSW
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Combustion Theory
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Excess air is usually used in combustion because practical and impossible to burn the heterogeneous solid waste without using excess air
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