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Reproductive System Period 4 Liliana Arredondo (ANATOMY OF MALE…
Reproductive System
Period 4
Liliana Arredondo
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
ANATOMY OF FEMALE STRUCTURES
Functions
female hormonal cycle
ovarian cycle
ovaries grow and secrete small amounts of estrogen to
inhibit
GnRH release
during puberty, hypothalamus is less sensitive to estrogen and hormone levels raise
FSH & LH levels rise but do not allow for ovulation or pregnacy yet
when the hormones level out, the adult ovarian cycle is reached resulting in the first period (
menarche
)
uterine (menstrual) cycle
day 0-4 menstrual phase:
low ovarian hormone levels, by day four there is an increase in estrogen
day 5-14 proliferate (pre-ovulatory) phase:
estrogen increases and progesterone receptors are made, phase ends with ovulation and an increase in LH
day 15-28 secretory (post-ovulatory) phase:
increased progesterone, estrogen works with progesterone to inhibit LH
ovaries:
contains ovarian follicles that develop into immature eggs (oocyte)
uterine tube:
where fertilization takes place
uterus:
receives, retains, and nourishes fertilized ovum
vagina:
passageway for semen and child
OVULATION
follicular phase:
FSH levels rise and follicles grow into immature eggs
the follicle ruptures as the egg is released to the uterus
luteal phase:
the ruptured follicle is filled with blood and absorbed
External Genitalia:
mons pubis
prepuce of clitoris
clitoris:
homologous with penis
external urethral orifice:
exit for the urine
vaginal orifice:
entrance into the vagina
labias minora:
meet at the fourchette; has the greater vestibular gland to create lubricant for intercourse
labias majora:
has the bulb of vestibule which swells to prevent semen from entering the bladder
Internal Reproductive Structures
uterine/fallopian tubes
connects the ovaries to the uterus
uterus
cervical canal empties into the vagina, hollow cavity
vagina
a tube between the bladder and rectum, a passageway into uterus
Primary Sex Organ
ovaries
female gonads, supported by ligaments, nourished by ovarian arteries
Other Structures
breasts
develop during puberty, has lactiferous ducts that produce milk
ANATOMY OF MALE STRUCTURES
External Genitalia:
penis
foreskin covers the glans penis unless circumcised, corpora cavernosa makes up most of the penis, crura anchors the pubic arch to the bony pelvis
scrotum
external sac that contains the testes
Glands:
seminal gland
large, hollow fibrous capsule with smooth muscle
prostate
encircles the urethra, made of smooth muscle
bulbourethral (cowper's)
Primary Sex Organ:
testes
male gonads, testicular artery nourishes, remains at a cool temperature
Other Structures:
epididymis
wraps around the testes
ductus (vas) deferens
transport system for semen
urethra
terminal portion of the male duct system
Functions
scrotum:
dartos muscle wrinkles the scrotal skin; cremaster muscles elevate the testes; regulates the temperature of the testes
-
epididymis:
where sperm matures and is stored until ejaculation
vas deferens:
transports sperm during ejaculation
urethra:
transports urine and semen out of the body
ERECTION
erectile tissue of the penis:
connective/smooth muscle with vascular spaces fill with blood and enlarge
spongy urethra:
expands away from penis bulb and secures it to the urogenital diaphragm
EJACULATION
propulsion of semen out of male duct system; made of secretions and sperm
seminal gland:
contracts during ejaculation, secretion increases sperm motility
prostate:
contracts, prostatic secretion activates sperm and has an enzyme named PSA
bulbourethral glands:
produces thick mucus that drains into thr urethra to neutralize urine
Hormones
hypothalamus releases GnRH to anterior pituitary
GnRH causes anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH
FSH causes sustentocytes to release ABP and keep testosterone high to trigger spermatogenesis
LH stimulates intersitial endocrine cells to secrete testosterone
Testosterone affects other body sites
Negative feedback by testosterone
inhibits
FSH and LH from releasing via GnRH released by hypothalamus
Inhibin released by sustentocytes decrease FSH
DISORDERS
benign prostatic hyperplasia:
-a prostatic disease that affects older men
-the prostate enlarges and constricts the urethra making urination difficult
-drugs are used to widen the prostate urethra
pelvic inflammatory disease:
-infection of the peritoneal cavity
-comes from an STI like chlamydia
-leads to narrowing tubes, infertility, and death
-treated with antibiotics
ectopic pregnancy:
-oocyte is fertilized far from uterus
-egg develops in the uterine tube instead of the cervix
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG)
axis:
controls the secretion of sex hormones and the production of gametes
Puberty:
reproductive organs grow to adult size and become functional
sex hormones are secreted at high levels until adult secretion pattern is reached
primary sex organs (gonads) produce gametes and sex hormones
