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Living systems - The Organization (Miller, 1972) (SYSTEM PROCESSES…

- - - - Blau & Scott
      - Sells
      - Katz & Khan
    - - Information process domination
        
        Sociétés de service (banks, universities, churches...)
      - Both
        
        Cities, town, communities...
      - Matter-energy process domination
        
        organizations that store and distribute
        their outputs to consumers
    - - Dependance
      - Solidarity
  - - - Matter-energy & information
      - Goods or services
    - - Components of suprasystem
    - - Production
      - Adaptive
        
        Organizational change
      - Maintenance
        
        tying people into their functiorial roles
      - Supportive
        
        procurement, disposal, and institutional relations
      - Managerial
    - - Activities to defines and symbolizes wholeness
      - Activites to aquire, maintain, develop, transform basic resources
      - Activites to create or produce output (for people needs)
      - Activities that assure and control the performance, coordination
      - Activities which serve to stabilize and vitalize the organization
- - - - Process
        
        Information boundary
        
        Representative variables
        **of boundary processing**
        
        Meaning of information crossing
        
        information crossing
        
        matter-energy crossing the boundary
        
        Degree of permeability
        
        Matter-energy
        
        Information
        
        Percentage of matter-energy / information arriving
        
        Rate of’ matter-energy / information processing
        
        Chatnge in matter-energy / information processing at the boundary over time.
        
        Change in matter-energy / information processes with defferent circumstances
        
        Frequency matter-energy / information processing
        
        Costs
        
        Lag
        
        Matter-energy boundary
        
        Filtering
        
        Raw materials
        
        Articfacts
        
        Repair materials
        
        Matter-energy (food, drink)
        
        Unwanted matter energy (polluants)
        
        Personnes
        
        Arriving / Departing
        
        Prospective
        
        Who are potential inclusions in the system.
      - Structure
        
        Information boundary
        
        closed files
        
        Censor
        
        Matter-energy boundary
        
        humans
        
        Artifacts
        
        Territory
    - - Structure
        
        Components
        
        Copy
      - Process
        
        Founders and echelons
        
        Charter
        
        Goals
        
        Relationships
        
        Functions
        
        Policies
        
        present or predicted demand
        
        matter, energy and information disposal
        
        Legal actions
        
        Representative variables
        in reproducing
        
        Sorts of information
        
        Changes over time
        
        Meaning of information
        
        Changes with diflerent circumstances.
        
        Sorts of matter-energy
        
        Rate of reproducing
        
        Frequency of reproducing
        
        Lag
        
        Costs
  - - - Process
        
        Determine
        
        sort of employees
        
        nature of the work
        
        relationships
        
        To other employees
        
        To supervisor
        
        To suprasystem (society)
        
        Representative variables
        
        Same
        
        Degree --> Quality
        
        3 major problems
        
        breaking the job into a suitable number of stages (p.31)
        
        locating the storage
        
        determining the size or capacity of such storage
      - Structure
        
        Artifacts
        
        Manufactoring machines
        
        Tools
    - - Process
        
        Storing and maintaining
        
        retrieval
        
        Loss
        
        deterioration
        
        physical
        
        yield
        
        Variables
        
        Same
        
        Plus : Total storage capacity + Place of storage
        
        Moins : degree
      - Structure
        
        Artifacts
        
        Rooms
        
        Furniture
        
        Buildings
    - - Process
        
        Series of process
        
        Depending on the matter-energy
        
        Variables
        
        Same as Ingestor
        
        Degree --> Percentage
      - Structure
        
        Vary from organizations
        
        Developped in matter-energy orga
        
        Electric, oil, steel, glass, etc.
        
        Artifact prominence
        
        prepare materials for producing processes.
    - - Structure
        
        Artifacts
        
        Cleaning equipment
        
        Vehicules
        
        in --> out
      - Process
        
        Extruding the waste
        
        Environmental pollution
        
        Extruding items for sells
        
        Extruding humain components
        
        fired
        
        Moved to another subsystem
        
        Variables
        
        Same
        
        Sort of waste and pruducts extruded
    - - Process
        
        Needs
        
        Propinquity
        
        Conversion of energy to transport
        
        Representative variables
        
        Pareil, sauf degré d'ouverture
      - Structure
        
        Artefacts = essential
        
        in--> in
    - - Structure
        
        Men
        
        Machines
      - Process
        
        Variables
        
        Sorts of movements made
        
        Change over time
        
        Rate of output of work (productivity)
        
        Change with different circumstances
        
        Rate of moving
        
        Frequency
        
        Cost
        
        Duration
        
        Lag
    - - Process
        
        Ingestion of human components and inclusions
        
        Representative variables
        
        Rate of ingesting
        
        Frequency
        
        Changes over time
        
        Lag
        
        Degree of openess
        
        Costs
        
        Changes with circumstances
        
        Sorts of matter-energy
        
        Ingestion of non-human matter-energy
        
        Crossing boundaries
        
        Inclusions
      - Structure
        
        recruiters
        
        Vendors
        
        receptionnists...
        
        Often same as boundary
        
        Out --> in
    - - Structure
        
        Lands
        
        Artifacts
        
        Buildings, roads...
      - Process
        
        Variables
        
        Strenght of supporters
        
        Ex: reinforced floor
        
        Costs
  - - - Process
        
        Variables
        
        Same
      - Structure
        
        dispersed to individuals
    - - Structure
        
        Up <--> Down
        
        Horizontal
        
        Artifacts
        
        Paper
        
        Telephone
        
        Trucks :
        
        Internet
      - Process
        
        Types of messages
        
        command and governance
        
        task performance
        
        social or professional relationships
        
        maintenance and control
        of the network
        
        Variabes
        
        Same
    - - Process
        
        Variables
        
        Meaning of information
        
        Sorts of
        
        Pourcentage transduced
        
        Threshold in the transducer
        
        Changes with circumstances
        
        Changes over time
        
        Channel capacity
        
        Number of channels
        
        Distortion of the transducer
        
        Signal-to-noise ratio
        
        Rate of the transducer
        
        Costs
        
        Lag
      - Structure
        
        Disperced to individuals
        
        Artifacts
        
        Telephone
        
        Medias
        
        Research instrument...
    - - Process
        
        Codes
        
        Private language
        
        Ritual behavior
        
        Variables
        
        Same +
        
        Percentage of omissions
        
        Percentage of errors
        
        Codes employed
      - Structure
    - - Structure
        
        Sets goals
        
        Control
        
        Levels of hierarchy
      - Process
        
        Influence
        
        Distribution of power
        
        Authority
        
        Stages of the deciding process
        
        Discovering purposes and goals
        
        Maintain steady state
        
        Alignement stratégique
        
        Performance objectives (Gross)
        
        Satisfy interests of people
        
        Producing outputs
        
        Making efficient use of inputs
        
        Investing in the system
        
        Acquiring resources
        
        Doint it conforming codes, behaviours
        
        Varying conception of
        technical and administrative rationality
        
        Analysis
        
        Free flow of information
        
        Evaluation
        
        Search for alternative solutions
        
        Synthesis
        
        courses of action
        
        Implementing
        
        Power
        
        Utilitarian
        
        goods arid services,
        
        Identitive
        
        symbolic rewards
        
        Coercive
        
        physical means
    - - Structure
        
        Translate inputs for public information
        
        Communication
      - Process
        
        Establish an image
        
        Choose codes
        
        Variables
        
        p.87-88
    - - Structure
        
        Data analysis
        
        Consulting
        
        Feedbacks
      - Process
        
        Variables
        
        Same, minus...
        
        Number of channels, distorsion, signal-to-nose ration
      - 1st stage of learning process
    - - Structure
        
        Publicité
        
        Porte-parole
      - Process
        
        Designed members to speak for the system
        
        On a particular subject
        
        Variables p.89
    - - Structure
        
        Storage
        
        Retrivials
        
        Artifacts
        
        Books
        
        Reports
        
        Computer
      - Process
        
        Maintaining information into storage
        
        Loss and alteration into storage
        
        Reading into storage
        
        Retrieval jrom storage
        
        Variables
        
        Same
        
        Total memory capacity
        
        See p.59-60
      - 2nd stage of learning process
- - - - Containment
      - Number
      - Order
      - Position
      - Direction
      - Duration
    - - Direction of action
      - Pattern of action
      - Communication
      - Entering or leaving containment
      - Action
- - - - Authoritarian
      - Democratic
    - - Proportion of components in subsystems
      - Ration administrative/production personal
  - - - Can provide a unifying conceptual
        system for organization theory
- - - - Hierarchy
      - 2 at least