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Cardiovascular System Pathologies (Cardiomyopathy (Presence of disease…
Cardiovascular System Pathologies
Lack of exercise, unhealthy eating, stress, family history, race, sex, smoking
Hyperlipidemia
Increased plaque build up in arteries (Atherosclerosis)
Ischemia, hypertension
In lower extremities= Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)
Pallor, palpable coolness, no pulse in area, paresis or paralysis, pain with activity and on elevation, blood clotting
Weakened blood vessels
Aneurysm
Headache, seizure, syncope
Heart muscle hypertrophy
Heart Failure
Metabolic Syndrome
Malignant Hypertension
Blurred vision, angina pectoris, confusion, nausea or vomiting, numbness, headache, oliguria,lethargy
Clot formation (Thrombosis)
Embolism
Retinal blood vessel changes, carotid, aortic, or renal artery bruits
Thickening of coronary or cerebral blood vessels
Stroke
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Acute Coronary Syndome
Myocardial infarction,
UA Pectoris
Xanthoma, Xanthelasma, arcus senilis
Sleep, athletic, decreased troponin, drug effect, vagal stimulation
Bradysarhythmias
Abnormal SA node
Heart block
CAD, HTN, HBP, cardiomyopathy, valve disorders,electrolyte imbalances, MI, healing after surgery, etc.
Tachydysrhythmias
Atrial Fibrillation (A-fib)
Atrial Flutter (AF)
Sinus tachycardia (ST)
Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)
Ventricular tachycardia (V-tach)
Ventricular fibrillation(V-fib)
Torsades de Pointes (TdP)
Usually idiopathic, viruses, tuberculosis, pericardial injury syndromes, autoimmune & inflammatory diseases, cancer
Pericarditis
Sharp, intense chest pain; dyspnea when reclining; heart palpitations; slight fever; fatigue; cough; abdominal or leg swelling
Bacteria, fungi, viruses
Infective Endocarditis
Flu-like symptoms, heart murmur, fatigue, aching joints & muscles, night sweats, dyspnea, angina pectoris, swelling in feet & abdomen, unexplained weight loss, hematuria, tenderness in spleen
Cardiomyopathy
Presence of disease (amloidosis)
Fibrous scar tissue= stiff heart & impaired ventricle filling
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
SOB, fatigue, lower extremity edema, weight gain, nausea, palpitations fainting, chest pain
Previous heart attack, alcohol, cobalt, anticancer drugs
Enlarged heart with stretching of the ventricle and atrium, left ventricle shows weakness in contraction and stiffness in expansion and filling
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Fluid Retention & heart failure
Fatigue, SOB, edema in hands in feet, inability to exercise, ascites, chest pain, heart murmurs
Genetics; mutations in MYBPC3 & MYH7
Abnormal growth and arrangement of myocytes results in abnormally small ventricles
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
SOB, Chest pain, syncope, palpitations, heart murmur
Left Side Congestive Heart Failure
Cardiomyopathy, cocaine, alcoholism, HBP, obesity, sleep apnea, tobacco use
Compensatory mechanisms
Decreased SV= increased DBV
Myocardial fibers are stretched too far, do not create an optimal contraction (Frank-starling relationship)
Myocardial hypertrophy
Myocyte loss: necrosis & apoptosis
Neuro-hormonal mechanisms
Adrenergic nervous system
Right Side Congestive Heart Failure