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Digestive System Pathologies (Chronic constipation, high fiber diet,…
Digestive System Pathologies
Congential abnormality or development of ulcer on pyloric sphincter
Pylorus muscles thicken and block food from entering small intestine
Pyloric Stenosis
forceful vomiting, dehydration, weight loss, constant hunger, stomach contractions, constipation,
Idiopathic, may be caused by the virus that causes Chagas disease
Nerves in esophagus degenerate, no peristalsis
Achalasia
Dysphagia, heartburn, regurgitation, halitosis
Long-term use of aspirin & NSAIDS, infection of H. pylori
Open sores on stomach and duodenum
Peptic ulcers
burning stomach pain, fullness, bloating, fatty food intolerance, heartburn, nausea
Dysphagia
Food or fluid enters lungs
Aspiration pneumonia
Chest pain, SOB, wheezing, cyanosis, productive cough with mucus & blood, dysphagia, halitosis, excessive sweating
Chronic constipation, high fiber diet, stress, colon cancer
volvulvus
Lower GI bleed
Dark stools, blood leaving rectum,
Encopresis
Diverticulitis, foreign bodies, volvulvus, fecal impaction, intussusception
Intestinal obstruction
Blockage without vascular compromise; accumulation of ingested food & fluid, digestive enzymes, & gas
abdominal pain & cramps, vomiting, diarrhea (partial)
Autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation
Crohn's Disease= any part of GI tract
Crypt abscesses that develop into ulcers, internal & external fistulas, bowel obstruction
Chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, anorexia, weight loss
Ulcerative colitis: centralized to lower GI tract, affects mucosa & submucosa layer, large ulcers with pus, bloody diarrhea, malaise, anemia, weight loss
Hepatic Patholgies
Hepatitis: inflammation of the liver
Hep B: DNA virus, transmitted via blood products, sex, body fluids
Anorexia, malaise, jaundice, abdominal pain, fever, myalgias, headache, dark urine, light stools
Hep C: RNA virus that replicates rapidly, has 6 genotypes, transmitted via blood
Hep A: Congestion of food & water contaminated by RNA virus
Cirrhosis & Alcoholism
Portal hypertension
Dilated sub-mucosal veins at a gradient of 10mmHg
Blood flow redirected from the liver into areas of lower venous pressure (lower esophagus, stomach, rectum, abdominal wall)
Distended veins in these areas, esophageal varices
Hyperbilirubinemia
jaundice, dark urine
Spider angiomas, easy bruising
Fatigue, weakness, sudden & massive bleeding, ascites, vomiting, abdominal pain, leukonychia, impotence
Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation
Accumulation of fat in liver
Stenosis, necrosis, inflammation, fibrosis
Alcoholic Liver Disease
Wilson's Disease: autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism
Deposition of copper in liver, brain, other tissues
Ascites, jaundice, prominent abdominal veins,
palmar erythmea
,
digital clubbing,
excessive salivation, tremor, arthritis,
Kayser-Fleischer rings,
mask-like feces
Excessive absorption of iron from intestine
Accumulation of iron in the liver
Primary hemochromatosis
Hemolytic anemias & thalassemia
Excessive RBC breakdown
Secondary hemochromatosis
Fatigue,arthralgias, skin hyperpigmentation, ED
Gallbladder, Pancreas, & Bile Duct Pathologies
Precipitation of substances like cholesterol & bilirubin
Biliary sludge
Cholelithiasis
Biliary colic
RUQ pain, nausea, vomiting, right flank pain
After eating
Acute Cholecystitis
Murphy's sign, anorexia
Gallstones in common bile duct
Choledocholithiasis
obstruction, accumulation of bile salts & bilirubin in the bloodstream
Jaundice, pruritus
Idiopathic, possible autoimmune mechanism
inflammation & fibrous destruction of the intrahepatic biliary system
Prolonged obstruction of intrahepatic or extrahepatic biliary system
Dysfunctional bile production
Biliary tract disease, alcohol abuse
Inflammation & injury to pancreatic cells
Pancreatic enzymes secreted into tissue
Chronic
Acute