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Cleavages (Nigeria (Nigeria is plagued by numerous cleavages based on…

- - - - Overview of Ethnic Divide in Nigeria
        
        Nigeria is divided by numerous region-based ethnic groups throughout the country. Some of these include the very large Igbo population in southeast Nigeria, which attempted to secede during the Biafra War. Such strong ethnic divisions make it difficult to create a strong sense of national unity, which in turn hinders the progress of the nation as a whole.
    - - Although Nigeria is a developing nation. It is home to a large number of millionaires. Most of their wealth can be attributed to the misuse of government money and resources. This abuse and misuse of power has created a divide between the elite in Nigeria and the common people.
  - - - This article highlights the religious cleavages throughout Nigeria. On the surface there is a clear divide between the Muslim North and Christian South. This divide stems even deeper as the Muslim North rejects many Western ideas that are supported by the South. This creates not only a religious cleavage, but also an ideological cleavage.
    - - This picture is from a Shia protest in Nigeria. It demonstrates how religious cleavages go further as there is a split in the Muslim religion between the Shia and Sunni.
- - - - Mexico is divided between the North and South. The North is generally wealthier and has better education. They are also more financially tied to America, which is why they are more supportive of a market-economy than their Southern counterparts. In Southern Mexico, many of the citizens are poor. Because of this, they rely on help from the PRI.
  - - - An example of this cross-cutting cleavage is the Chiapas Conflict. A rebellion that started in Chiapus and was lead by the Zapatista. The rebellion agaisnt the Mexican government was to push legislation that protetected indigernous people's rights.
        
        Social Class
        
        Wealth Inequality in Mexico
        
        There is a large inequality in the wealth of Mexico. 1% of the country holds about 50% of the wealth while 53 million people live in poverty.
      - Chiapas Conflict
- - - - This article discusses how Iran does not recognize the Sunni religion. Iran's Constitution guarantees religious freedom however, in practice this is not the case.
        With the implementation of Sharia law in parts of the country, not being Shia can be considered a crime.
    - - This photo depicts protests over a missing Christian activist.
  - - - How Iran Blocks Reformist Candidates
- - - - England has a disproportionate share of UK political power, even considering that they are the largest part of it.
    - - Wales keeps its identity alive, but it is mostly content with rule under the UK.
    - - Scotland has a very strong national identity. In 2015, they narrowly lost a vote for independence from the UK.
    - - Ireland is the source of a lot of religious strife between Protestants and Catholics. Their voice can be heard in Parliament through certain surprisingly prominent political parties.
  - - - Muslims are a distinct minority in the UK, far more clearly than in the US. In recent years, Britain has become a hotspot for incidents of Islamic terrorism. This contributes to racism against the Muslim population. This cleavage is important because it reflects how the white British majority in the UK enjoys benefits that the rest of the minority never sees.
    - - Revealed: The Stark Evidence of Everyday Racial Bias in Britain
        
        The link provided shows that even unconscious racism against blacks is still prevalent in the U.K. It's consistent with reports of blatant racism in the country, including accusations of racial bias in police brutality.
- - - - As countryside populations have moved into the cities, the cities have become richer. Therefore, the income gap has been widening severely in recent years.
- - - - Around 15% of Russia's population aren't "true Russians"--they're "Tatars, Ukrainians, Armenians, Chuvashes, Bashkis, Byelorussians, and Moldavians," according to Ethel Wood. This is important because it categorizes Russia as a federation, consisting of ethnicity-based regions that often fight for their independence, creating a lack of unity in Russia.
    - - Around 80% of the population are Russian by ethnicity. These citizens make up the majority and therefore have the biggest say in Russian politics.
    - - This image depicts the war in Chechnya 24 years ago. Russia wanted to suppress claims for independence and keep it contained in the country. This war does not still continue, but the outcry for independence does. It's another example of the lack of unity in Russia today.
  - - - Because the Soviet Union prohibited all religious practices, many citizens no longer have a religious affiliation. Since this lift is relatively new, there isn't any evidence that non-minority religion has an influence on voting and political patterns.
    - - Is Russia a Muslim Country?
        
        The provided link analyzes the idea that Islam is one of the fastest-growing religions in Russia. This pattern has been playing out in recent years. Ethel Wood states that estimates are over 20 million for Muslims in Russia. This is important because the minority is becoming less of a minority, and therefore their voice is more prominent in society.
    - - According to the CIA World Factbook, around 15-20% of the Russian population is Russian Orthodox. However, only a small number of these people actually regularly go to church because of religious practice being previously banned.