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Non-vascular Plants (Classification of Non-Vascular plants (Mosses…

- - - - Division Bryophyta
      - Class Musci
      - Class Anthocerotae
      - Class Hepaticae
- - - - Sporangia
      - Gametangia
      - Reproductive cells always surrounded by
        
        One or several layers of sterile cells
  - - - Larger
      - More prominent generation
      - Haploid Phase
    - - Smaller
      - More temporary/inconspicuous
- - - - prior to the gametophore phase
      - Gametophores are always thin along edges
      - Only in center do they become more than 5 cells
    - - Antheridial initials are not surface cells
      - Special mucilage chamber forms near surface
        
        cells lining the chamber grow into it
        
        Become antheridia
    - - Formed from superficial cells
      - do not completely surround egg
        
        Egg lies below a short neck/neck canal
        
        surrounded by vegetative thallus cells
  - - - Have foot embedded in gametophore tissues
        
        No seta or discrete program
      - Above foot is a meristem
        
        continuously produces new sporangium tissues
        
        Grow , differentiate, mature, and die
        
        Simultaneously being replaced
- - - - Apex of the sporangium
        
        differentiates as the caplike lid
      - Separates from rest of sporangium
      - Cells are torn apart
    - - Cell breakage is elaborate and precise
        
        Resulting in one or two rows of teeth
      - Exquisitely Complex teeth
    - - Between foot and sporangium
      - Narrow stalk
    - - Apex of sporangium is covered by ->
      - Layer of cells
        
        derived from neck of archegonium
      - As embryo begins to grow
        
        Neck cells proliferate
        
        Keep pace with sporophyte growth at first
        
        Later grow more slowly
    - - Upper cell grows by cell division
        
        and expansion
      - Into a simple apical sporangium
    - - zygote of moss undergoes transverse division
      - basal cell located at bottom of archegonium
        
        Develops into small, bulbous tissue
  - - - Small size
      - lack of conducting tissues
    - - Mechanisms to compensate
        
        Live in moist habitats
        
        tolerant of desiccation
    - - high temperature
      - Low temperature
      - intense UV light
  - - - Protonema
        
        Superficially resembles a filamentous green algae
        
        Can be distinguished by its small chloroplasts
        
        Algae cells have one or two large
        
        Perennial
        
        Can grow extensively
        
        Producing many buds
      - Growth begins when spore germinates
        
        Send out long chlorophyllous cells
        
        This cell undergoes mitosis
        
        Produces a branched system of similar cells
    - - Antheridia
        
        sperms are produced in microgametangia
        
        Consists of short outermost layer sterile cells
        
        Inner mass of cells
        
        Differentiate from sperm cells
      - Archegonia
        
        Eggs occur in metagametangia
        
        Each is shaped like a vase
        
        Long neck
        
        Neck is hollow at maturity
        
        single egg is located at the base
    - - Leptoids
        
        If a species has hyroids it has ->
        
        Cells that resemble sieve cells
        
        Elongated cells
        
        Prominent interconnections with adjacent cells
        
        Lack nuclei at maturity
        
        Do retain cytoplasm at maturity
      - Rhizoids
        
        At the base of the stem
        
        Small, multicellular trichome-like structures
        
        Penetrate the surface of subsrate
        
        Only anchor to the stem
        
        Lack chloroplasts
        
        Have reddish walls
        
        Do not absorb water or minerals
      - Hydroids
        
        Innermost cortex composed of cells->
        
        Conduct water and dissolved minerals
        
        elongated cells
        
        Lose their cytoplasm when mature
        
        End walls are partially digested
        
        But are not removed entirely
    - - Gametophores
        
        Leafy stems
        
        Grow close together
        
        Tightly appressed
        
        forming dense mounds (Grimmia)
        
        Grow from an apical meristem #
        
        contains a prominent apical cell
      - In cool/wet areas
        
        Plants are more open
        
        Plants are often loose (Anacolia)
    - - Occurring all over the world
      - They are perennial
        
        Thrive in several places
        
        Almost every environment
- - - - Body is referred to as ->
      - Body with root, stems, and leaves
      - Stratified and much thicker
    - - Loosely arranged aerenchyma
        
        Large air chambers
      - Chambers open to exterior by means of ->
      - Air pores are not stomata
        
        cannot be closed
        
        Have no guard cells
    - - Male gametophores of Marchantia
        
        produce umbrella shaped outgrowth
      - Stalk is several millimeters tall
      - Dozens of antheridia grow from upper surface
        
        Each surrounded by a rim of sterile cells
    - - Leafy liverworts
        
        Order Jungermanniales
        
        Gametophores similar to mosses
        
        Thin leaves on slender stem
        
        two rounded lobes with
        
        No midrib
        
        No conducting tissues
        
        Leaves are arranged in 3 rows
        
        2 rows much larger than the 1
        
        Underside of leaves is reduced
      - Thallose liverworts
        
        Order Haplomitriales
        
        Show less resemblance to mosses
        
        Not leafy
        
        but rather flat and ribbon like
        
        Heart shaped and bilaterally symmetrical
    - - Apex is set of radiating fingers
        
        Project outward and droop downward
      - Are also stalked
      - Underside has numerous archegonia
  - - - Single,elongated cell
        
        With spring-shaped walls
      - When sporangium opens
        
        elaters uncoil
        
        Pushing the spores out