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The Reproductive System Sara Abad Period:4 (Hormones of the Reproductive…
The Reproductive System Sara Abad Period:4
Major Functions of the reproductive
To produce offspring by.. 1) forming gametes 2) bringing gametes together through sex 3) combining genetic information through fertilization to produce a zygote 4) supporting the development of the fetus until birth
Female Reproductive Anatomy
Ovaries- female gonads producing ovas Duct System- Uterine Tubes(recieve ovulated oocyte and where fertilization occurs) Uterus (restrains, retains, and nourishes fertilized ovum) and Vagina (female organ of copulation recieving the penis) External Genetalia- Mons Pubis Clitoris(homologus of the penis) and Bulbs of Vestibule(engorge with blood to grip penis and squeeze urethral shut) Mammary Glands- produce milk during lactation to nourish infant
Females' Sexual Response- external genetalia engorges with blood, increased activity of the duct system, and orgasm
Male Reproductive Anatomy
Testes in Scrotum- male gonads where sperm is produced Penis- delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract Ducts System- made up of the Epididymis (where sperm matures) Ductus Deferens (transports sperm during ejaculation Ejaculatory Duct (conjunction of the ductus deferens and seminal gland) and Urethra (transports urine and semen out of the penis) Accessory Sex Glands- include Seminal Glands (forms ejaculatory duct and produces mucosa while contracting during ejaculation to empty the gland) Prostate( produces prostatic secretion to activate sperm) and Bulbo-Urethral Glands (produce mucus to lubricate the glans penis during excitement)
Males' Sexual Response- Erection of the penis and Ejaculation of semen
Hormones of the Reproductive Systems
Steroid Hormones by Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gondal Axis:
Hypothalamus produces Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone -> Anterior Pituitary producing Lutienizing Hormone and Follicle Stimulating Hormone-> Gonads producing Sex Hormones like Testosterone and Progesterone/ Estrogen-> Target Cell
Testosterone
converts into another steroid to exert its effect targeting reproductive organs and Male Secondary Sex Characteristics: pubic hair, larynx enlargement, oilier skin, increased bone size/ density, increases skeletal muscle size/density
Estrogen &Progesterone
promotes oogenesis and follicle growth in the ovary and exert anabolic effects on reproductive tract and promotes Female Secondary Sex Characteristics: breast development, deposition of subcutaneous fat, and development of wider/lighter pelvis
Lutienizing Hormone
triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
stimulates growth of the ovarian follicles in the ovary before ovulation
Female Hormonal Cycles
Ovarian Cycle
matures egg in 2 phases 1) Follicular phase: vesicular follicles begin to secrete estrogen and dominant follicle is selected 2) Luteal phase: corpus luteum is active so vesicular follicles grow in ovary and FSH is active
Menstrual Cycle
series of cyclic changes that the uterine endometrial undergoes in response to waxing and waning of ovarian hormones Days 0-4) Menstrual Phase: uterus sheds all but deepest layer during menstruation and ovarian follicles begin to produce estrogen Days 5-14) Proliferative Phase: endometrium rebuilds itself and ovulation occurs in response to LH surge Days 15-28) Secretory phase: endometrium prepares for an embryo implant and cervical plug is formed
Menopause
no menstrual cycle and declination of estrogen so reproductive organs begin atrophy and other affects like thinning skin, bone mass lose, and intense vasodilation of the skin's blood vessel
Disorders of the Reproductive
Male
xTesticular Cancer xBenign Prostatic Hyperplasia: prostatic disease by benign growth of the stroma and glands affecting urination xProstatis: acute or chronic inflammation of the prostate xProstate Cancer xErectile Dysfunction: inability to attain an erection
Female
xPelvic Inflammatory Diseasei: infection in the peritoneal cavitry causing inflammation xCancer of the Cervix xProlapse of the Uterus: unsupported uterus sinking so cervix protudes xOvarian Cancer xBreast Cancer
Both sexes can suffer from STIs
infectious diseases soread through sexual contact such as Chylamydia, Trichomoniasis, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Human Papillomavirus, and Gential Herpes