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Married couple in 40's seeking information about long term effects of…

- - - - Increased risk of birth defects/diseases
- - - - Serves as site for development of fertilized ovum till birth
      - Provides protection
      - Placenta
        
        Serves as protection/nourishment/waste exchange site
      - Regions:
        
        Fundus
        
        Isthmus
        
        Body
        
        Cervix
        
        Cervical canal
      - Two Layers
        
        Stratum Basalis
        
        Unresponsive to ovarian hormones (estrogen/progesterone)
        
        Forms new basalis layer after menstruation is complete
        
        Stratum Functionalis
        
        Changes in response to menstrual cycle
        
        Sheds layer during menstruation
    - - Serves as receptile for the penis during sexual intercourse
      - Serves as birth canal for fetus
    - - Structures consist of:
        
        Isthmus
        
        narrow medial third region
        
        Infundibulum
        
        funnel-shaped opening into peritoneal cavity
        
        Ampulla
        
        distal end of uterine tube
        
        Fimbriae
        
        finger like projections that cover ovary
      - Contain ovaries
        
        Produce female gametes
        
        Produce female sex hormones (estrogen/progesterone)
  - - - Structures
        
        Erectile Tissues
        
        Corpora Cavernosa (2)
        
        Dorsal tissues
        
        Fill w/blood to help erect penis
        
        Corpora Spongiosum
        
        Midventral erectile tissue
        
        Surrounds urethra
        
        When blood fills, erection is achieved, while urethra and some veins are shunted
        
        Root of Penis
        
        Shaft of Penis
        
        Glans Penis
        
        Covered by foreskin (prepuce)
    - - Enclosed in scrotal sac
        
        Helps regulate temperature of sac
        
        Dartos muscle
        
        In response to cold temperatures
        
        Causes the scrotal sac to wrinkle and pull inward to decrease surface of heat loss.
        
        Cremaster Musle
        
        In response to hot temperatures
        
        Causes scrotal sac to expand and sag to expand sac
        
        Increases the surface area for heat loss
        
        Creates ideal environment for creation/nourishment of sperm
      - Houses seminiferous tubules
        
        Produce sperm
        
        Travels to Epididymus
        
        Ejection to Vas Deferens
        
        Sperm now is in prostatic uretha
        
        then within membranous urethra
        
        1 more item...
        
        Obtains fluid/materials from seminal vesicles/prostate gland
        
        Helps to mature non-motile sperm
      - Interstitial Cells
        
        Produce testosterone
        
        Male sex hormone that helps to
        
        Promote Anabolic growth/recovery
        
        Mature secondary sex characteristics
        
        inhibit GnRH/Anterior pituitary actions
      - Seritoli Cells
        
        Help nourish sperm cell/create ideal environment/protection
    - - Prostate
        
        fluid in prostatic secretion during ejaculation
        
        Helps to activate sperm/protect sperm
      - Bulbo-Urethral Glands
        
        produce clear/thick mucus
        
        Acts to lubricate glans penis during intercourse
      - Seminal Glands
        
        Yellow viscous alkaline fluid w/fructose sugar, citric acid, cogulating enzyme
        
        Help to increase sperm motility/fertility
  - - - Period of vesicular follicle growth
        
        Growth occurs (one dominant follicle)
        
        vesicular follicles respond to FSH
    - - Corpus luetum activity (collapse of follicle)
      - Secretion of progesterone/estrogen
      - No fertilization causes degeneration of corpus luteum
        
        corpus albicans
    - - Release of oocyte
      - Rupture of ovary wall
    - - Proliferation Phase
        
        Increase estrogen levels cause new generation of stratum functionalis
        
        Increase synthesis of progesterone receptors in endometrium
      - Secretory Phase
        
        Increasing progesterone levels from corpus luteum
        
        functional layer now secretory mucosa
        
        Thickened mucus forms cervical mucus plug (blocks entry of sperm/foreign agents)
        
        Endometrium capable for embryo to implant
      - Menstrual Phase
        
        Decrease ovarian hormones (lowest)
        
        Stratum functionalis detaches from uterine wall/shed
        
        Causes menstrual flow of blood/tissue (3-5 days)
  - - - Thin small stick w/hormones (estrogen/progestin)
        
        Releases hormones to prevent pregnancy
        
        Thickens cervix mucous, stops sperm from reaching uterus
        
        Progestin, stops oocyte from ejection from ovaries
      - Side Effects
        
        Irregular Menstrual Cycle
        
        Irregular bleeding
        
        Increased/decreased cycle length
        
        Skipping of cycles
        
        Weight gain/Nausea/Headaches
    - - Small/flexible ring placed inside vagina
        
        Releases hormones (estrogen/progestin)
        
        Prevents fertilzation of sperm by thickening of mucous
        
        Stops ovulation
      - Side Effects
        
        Irregular Menstrual Cycle
        
        Irregular bleeding
        
        Nausea/Headache
    - - Acts as an external barrier
        
        Placed around the shaft of the penis
      - Potential Side effects
        
        Misuse can lead to displacement
        
        Increased risk of spillage of semen
    - - Withdrawal/no sexual activities
      - Side Effects
        
        n/a
- - - - Most cost efficient
      - Protective barrier
      - No medical procedures required
    - - Highly effective w/no side effects and no cost
      - Hard to follow through
    - - Prevents sperm from entering ejaculatory duct
      - Least invasive procedure
      - Cut/Block vas deferens of the male
  - - - Copper IUD, Vaginal Ring, Implant
        
        Varying levels of estrogen/progesterone
        
        Can increase emotional state,decrease/increase period length
        
        Side effects do not warrant needs
    - - lowest rate at preventing pregnancy (74%)
      - Could leak from vagina
    - - Leaky semen may contain sperm
      - Not quick enough
      - Ineffective method