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Reproductive System (Hormones of the reproductive system (Gonadotropin…
Reproductive System
Hormones of the reproductive system
Gonadotropin releasing hormone(GnRH)- released by hypothalamus in the brain to stimulate anterior pituitary gland to release LH & FSH
Leutinizing hormone (LH)- stimulates seminiferous tubules to secrete testosterone ( in males), and in females it is spike of hormone will trigger ovulation of the most mature follicle ( only one).
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)- in males, at puberty stimulates sertoli cells for sperm production, maturation and inhibin. In females, stimulates the development and maturation of primary follicle into secondary follicle.
Inhibin- in females, it decreases release of FSH by anterior pituitary gland. In males, released by the testes when high levels of testosterone are present.
Testosterone- stimulates reproductive organ development and sex drive (male and female).
Estrogen- primary female sex hormone released by follicle (in ovary), stimulates growth of uterus, vaginal necessary for ovum maturation. low levels cause release of FSH, high levels cause release of LH and GnRH. Thickening of uterine wall, and onset of menstrual cycle.
Progesterone- triggers suppression of the hypothalamus from releasing GnRH. Stimulates the development and growth of the lining of the uterine wall to get ready for implantation, prepares mammary glands for lactation and helps maintain pregnancy.
Estrogen, inhibin, and progesterone all are released by corpus luteum, (shell left after release of the mature oocyte from the mature follicle.)
Major Functions of the Reproductive System
male reproductive- functions to produce and disseminate a large quantity of male gamete (sex cell=sperm). Goal is to produce sperm and deliver it to the egg.
Female reproductive- functions in production of female gamete ovum or egg and preparation for support of developing embryo during pregnancy. Prepares for implantation,developing offspring, delivery of the fetus and to nurture the baby after birth.
reproduction- process by which new individuals (offspring) of a species are produced.
fertilization- fusion of egg and sperm that produce a zygote
sexual reproduction- involving two(male and female) parents; offspring is genetically different than parents (as opposed to asexual reproduction is a single parent making a identical offspring.
Disorders of the
reproductive system
Klinefelter's disease- extra x chromosome in male carrier type
Down Syndrome- extra 21st lead to mental impairment and stunted growth.
Turner's disease- 2nd x chromosome is missing.
nondisjuction- a failure of homologus chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate during meiosis.
Events of the female hormonal cycles
ovarian cycle
ovarian cycle/ follcular phase- day 1-4, extends from beginning of menstration until ovulation. 2. Ovulation- day 14, triggered by sudden spike increase in LH caused by steady increase in estrogen stimulating the pituitary gland. Graafin follicle releases oocyte. slight rise in progesterone just before ovulation.
occurs in the ovaries leading to the maturation and ovulation of the mature oocyte.
Luteal Phase- day 15-28, when follicle expels the oocyte, the empty shell becomes corpus luteum. Corpus Luteum secretes progesterone, some estrogen, and inhibin which suppresses FSH. In the absence of pregnancy corpus luteum becomes albicans causing the decrease in progesterone and estrogen (sets the stage to start follicular stage again)
Menstration
day 1-5, decline of progesterone and estrogen, cells become ischemic and die, and are sloughed off or shed (through bleeding)
Proliferative phase- day 6-14, estrogen stimulates growth of blood vessels of endometrium, causing it to double in thickness. Thickening of endometrium allows ovulated egg to be caught to cause implantation.
Secretory Phase- uterus becomes ready for pregnancy. Uterine glands enlarge and secrete nutrients to sustain embryo until implantation occurs.
if pregnancy does not occur, towards the end of phase LH levels drop due to high levels of progesterone. Progesterone levels drop following decline in LH, leading into menstrual phase (bleeding) for the next month.
Menopause- ovaries no longer responsive to hormones. ovaries secrete low levels of estrogen and progesterone.
Anatomy of male and female reproductive structures & their functions
male reproductive
primary organ=testes, secondary sex organs/accessory = 1. seminal vesicle 2. prostate gland 3.Bulbourethral gland
testes- primary male sex organ, each lobe contains 1 to 4 seminiferous tubules. Function as sperm producing factories
sperm- lives 30-60 days after maturation. Can live in vagina 72 hours. mature spermatoza takes about 74 days not affected by sexual activity
sertoli cells- provide nutrients and supportive function, emptys sperm into rete testis
interstitial (Leydig) cells- found surrounding seminiferous tubules produce androgens (male hormone) sch as testosterone
vas deferens (ductus) connects with seminal vesicles.
prostate gland- secrete citralel energy source
seminal vesicles- secrete alkaline fluid w/ frutose, enzymes and protaglanditis. Purpose of alkaline fluid is to neutralize acid in female reproductive tract.
spermatogenesis- production of sperm cells. Move to epididymis for maturation and storage
midpiece (sperm)- contains mitochondria that provide energy(ATP), for journey through female reproductive system.
flagella(sperm)- only human cell w/ tail. Propels spermatocyte (sperm cell)
Head (sperm)- contains nucleus w/DNA inside.
Acrosome(sperm)- anterior portion of head contains enzyme needed to penetrate female egg.
Epididymis- functions to mature and store sperm cells.
urethra- carries both sperm and urine.
Scrotum- divided sac of skin outside abdomen that holds testes. Maintains testes at 3 c lower than normal bT to protect sperm. Regulates temperature of testes for sperm viability.
Penis- Tubular organ, delivers urine to exterior and delivers semen into female reproductive tract.
female reproductive
ovaries- primary female sex organ, paired, almond shaped on either side of uterus.
Ductus system- delivery of female gamete. Includes uterine (fallopian tubes) uterus, and vagina.
Uterine (fallopian) tubes- receive ovulated oocyte, provides site for fertilization, does not physically attach to the ovary, and is supported by the broad ligament.
fimbriae- finger-like projections at the distal end that receive the oocyte from the ovary cilia inside uterine tube slowly move oocyte toward the uterus (3-4 days) Fertilization occurs inside uterine tube.
Uterus- hollow organ, functions to recieve, retain and nourish a fertilized egg.
regions of uterus- body- main portion, 2. fundus area where uterine tube enters 3. cervix a narrow outlet that protrudes into vagina or opening into uterus.
vagina- serves as birth canal, extends from cervix to end of body. Behind bladder and in front of rectum. Receives penis during sexual intercoarse.
Hymen- membrane that partially closes vaginal opening. Opening allows for vagina secretions to pass outside.
Endometrium- inner layer, allows for implantation of a fertilized egg, sloughs off if no pregnancy occurs during menses.
Myometrium- middle layer of smooth muscle.
perimetrium- outer visceral peritoneum;covering of abdominal organs.
Mons pubis- fatty pad over pubic symphysis covered by pubic hair after puberty.
Labia- skin folds around vaginal opening. 1. labia majora-outer fold. 2. labia minora- inner fold.