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The XVIII century: Cultural context (Age of discovery and research…
The XVIII century: Cultural context
Age of discovery and research
PHILOSOPHY
How to best organizate the State
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
Age of reason
reason rather than religion was the key to the understanding of man and the world that surrounds him.
Thomas
Hobbes
, René
Descartes
John
Locke
Enlightment
aim of freeing man's mind from ignorance, superstition and obscurantism through knowledge and science
discover the original natural nucleus since what is natural is also rational and common to every human being
intellectual emancipation
=
political emancipation
MATHEMATICS
Leibnitz
infinitesimal calculus
discovered also by
Newton
John Napier
logarithms
SCIENCE
Galileo Galilei
invented telescope
Isaac Newton
Law of gravity
The widening of reading public
the growth in the number of
middle-class readers
.
Middle class people were interested in literature, art, social problems and political life
Largely
Puritan
distinct preference for
factual writing
:star: JOURNALISM
:pen: Richard Steele
The Tattler
(1709)
political articles
1 more item...
:pen: Joseph Addison
The Spectator
(1711-1714)
essays on literature and moral issues
simple and conversational prose
Its articles were debated in
coffee houses
:pen: Samuel Johnson
The Rambler
(1750-1752)
However, he is perhaps best remembered for his
Dictionary of the English Language
(1755)
:pen: Daniel Dafoe
he started with Journalism with
The Review
, his own newspaper
The rase of the novel
:red_cross: NO fictional prose based on legends of the previous century
:check: prose about readers (middle-class)and the world they live in
THE MODERN NOVEL
:pen: Daniel Defoe
Robinson Crusoe (1719)
:!!: appealing for middle class readers
presented as a true story
The hero is the perfect example of the
Puritan ideal
of a self-made man
the first novel in the English language
Style
wrote in diary
story told by the hero himself
:pen: Samuel Richardson
Pamela (1740)
:!!: appealing for middle class readers
for its morality and realism
Style
epistolary form
1 more item...
attention to characters' psychological profiles :!:
:pen: Jonathan Swift
Gulliver’s Travels (1726)
interpreted also as a travel story for children
Style
four books
with illustrated maps of the places Gulliver visited
controversial personality
labelled as a misanthrope or as a lover mankind
pessimistic attitude
:pen: Henry Fielding
:pen: Laurence Sterne
Thanks to..
the expansion of the school system
the opening of circulating libraries
the advancement of printing technology
the increase in the number of women readers.
Political satire
