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The XVIIIth Century (THE CULTURAL CONTEXT (REASON AND COMMON SENSE (The…

- - - - MATHEMATICS
        
        Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
        
        Discovery of the infinitesimal calculus
        
        John Napier
        
        Invention of logarithms
      - SCIENCE
        
        Isaac Newton
        
        Formulation of the Law of Gravity
        
        Galileo Galilei
        
        Perfected the telescope
      - PHILOSOPHY
        
        Thomas Hobbes
        
        John Locke
        
        Political theories to improve the organisation of the state
  - - - Faith in the rational faculty of man
  - - - the increase in the number of women readers
        
        as wives were considered to be equal partners in marriage, business and spiritual affairs
      - the growth in the number of middle-class readers
      - the opening of circulating libraries
        
        easier access to newspapers, journals and books
      - the expansion of the school system
        
        growth in the number of educated people
      - the advancement of printing technology
- - - - factual writing over fiction
    - - Samuel Johnson
        
        Dictionary of the English Language (1755)
        
        it was the first attempt to standardise the pronunciation, definitions and meaning of over 40,000 English words
        
        The Rambler (1750-1752)
      - Joseph Addison
        
        The Spectator (1711-1714)
        
        its articles became the subject debate in coffee houses
        
        clear and simple prose
        
        essays on literary and moral issues
      - Richard Steele
        
        The Tattler (1709)
        
        gossip articles
        
        political issues
  - - - Daniel Defoe
        
        Robinson Crusoe (1719)
        
        the first novel in the English language
        
        based on the real-life experience of a shipwrecked sailor, Alexander Selkirk
        
        presented as a true story
        
        diary form told by the protagonist himself
        
        Robinson Crusoe was the perfect example of the Puritan ideal of a self-made man, which caused him to have a strong appeal on the readers
      - Henry Fielding
      - Samuel Richardson
        
        Pamela (1740)
        
        diary and epistolary form
        
        creation of characters with psychological depth
        
        long transcriptions of conversations in the letters
        
        Richardson's mastery of dialogue
        
        appreciated by the readers for its morality and realism
      - Laurence Sterne
      - Jonathan Swift
        
        regarded as the greatest ironist in the English language
        
        Gulliver’s Travels (1726)
        
        consists of four books
        
        moral satire
        
        Gulliver presented as object and instrument of satire
        
        political allegory
        
        told by the protagonist himself
        
        details are recorded with the
        precision of a scientific instrument
        
        matter-of-fact prose style