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Nonvascular Plants: Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts (Concepts…

- - - - Ubiquitous
      - Occurring in all parts of the world
      - Perennial
    - - Gametophores
        
        Leafy stems
        
        Grow close together
        
        Form dense mounds
      - Cool wet area species
        
        Plants are open and loose
      - Moss stems are slender
        
        Little tissue differentiation
    - - Innermost cells
        
        Hydroids
        
        Conduct water and conduct minerals
        
        Leptoids
        
        Resemble sieve cells
      - Lacking hydroids
        
        Conduct water by capillary action
        
        Base of stem
        
        Rhizoids
    - - Protonema
        
        Spore germinates
        
        Sends out, long chlorophyllous cell
    - - All mosses are oogamous
        
        Every species has small biflagellate sperm cells
        
        Large nonmotile egg cells
      - Sperms produced in microgametangia
        
        Antheridia
        
        Eggs occur
        
        Archegonia
  - - - By endosperm formation
    - - Basal cell develops into the foot
        
        Absorbs sugars, minerals and water
        
        Between foot and sporangium is the seta
      - Upper cells grows
        
        Simple apical sporangium
        
        Capsule
    - - None are branched, have leaves, bracts or bulbs
    - - Operculum
      - Cell breakage is precise
        
        Peristome teeth
      - Covered by a calyptra
- - - - Two basic groups
        
        Leafy liverworts
        
        Gametophores resemble mosses
        
        Thallose liverworts
        
        Less resemblance to mosses
        
        A body without roots, stems and leaves
    - - Umbrella-shaped outgrowth
  - - - Single, elongate cells
- - - - Mucilage chamber forms near surface
  - - - Continuously produced sporangium tissue