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Chapter 7: MOTIVATIONAL (afifah BP03) (THEORIES (COGNITIVE THEORIES…

- - - - MASLOW's NEEDS HIERARCHY
        :bowling: from lower needs
        (Physiological: foods, water, sleep),
        (Safety needs: house)
        (Belonging and love needs: friends or partner)
        (Esteem needs: prestige, confident)
        :bowling: to higher needs
        (Self-actualization: achieving full potential)
        
        ALDERFER's ERG THEORY
        :rice_ball:: Existance (Basic physiological & Safety needs)
        :rice_ball: Relatedness (Social & Esteem)
        :rice_ball: Growth needs (Esteem & Self-actualization)
        
        MCCLELLAND's ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION THEORY
        :sushi: Need for achievement
        (Succeed & job done, outstanding work performance, task orientation)
        :sushi: Need for power
        (Control the activities of others & be influential)
        (Personal power : Control others)
        (Institutional power : Lead & Coordinate a team)
        :sushi: Need for affiliation
        (Need to be liked & accepted by others)
        (Concerned with interpersonal relationship)
  - - - :arrow_right:INPUT
        - worker invest in a job (experience & effort) (Loyalty, Hard work, Commitment, Trust)
        :arrow_lower_right: Equity
        (Fair balance)
        :arrow_right: OUTPUT
        - worker expect to receive from a job (salary & recognition) (Salary, Benefits, Recognition, Achievement)
    - - depends on performance, outcomes & individual
        (behavior)
        (action will lead to their desire outcome.)
        
        3 core:
        - Valance - Instrumentality - Expectancy
        
        :rice_cracker: Valance
        - desirability - if already earning $1000 a week, you only be motivated by the sum (higher salary)
        :rice_cracker: Instrumentality
        - relationship between performance (particular behavior) & probability (receiving particular outcome) - will receive pay rise as a reward if do job well by hard work.
        :rice_cracker: Expectancy
        - relationship (individual's effect & performance of behaviour. - The surgeon make a preparation of getting fully knowledge in surgery of brain cancer patient within 2 months before ready to make an operation towards the patient.
  - - - Motivators
        
        job content is present
        
        example:
      - Hygienes
        
        job context is absent
        
        example:
    - - focus - characteristic of job
        3 important psychological states
        
        work as meaningful
        
        sense of responsibility (the job)
        
        knowledge of the result (effort)
        
        5 job characteristic:
        :pancakes: Skill Variety
        - require - variety of skills and abilities
        :pancakes: Task Identity
        - require - achievement of entire job & function.
        :pancakes: Task Significant
        - important impact - people within the organization (co-workers) or outside the organization (consumer)
        :pancakes: Autonomy
        - give - freedom & independence (manage schedule)
        :pancakes: Feedback
        - receive direct & clear info (effectiveness of performance)
  - - - Goal Setting Theory
        - commitment to those goals (clear, specific, achievable) - stimulate high-quality planning (challenging goals) - contribute to better performance
        Feedback
        
        enhance worker job performance
        
        more innovative
        
        creative on the job
      - Schedule of Reinforcement
        
        Fixed interval
        
        specified amount of time
        
        Fixed ratio
        
        performance of a set number of specified behaviour
        
        Variable Interval
        
        unpredictable time of varying reinforcement
        
        Variable ratio
        
        unpredictable reinforcement