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Humanism - English Renaissance (The main thing of Humanism is "The…

- - - - THE DEVELOPMENT Of INDUSTRY AND TOWNS: the growth of industry led to development of towns. They grew in size and importance, especially LONDON which became the CULTURAL and SOCIO-ECONOMIC HEART OF THE COUNTRY.
        
        The growth of the industry also led to the decline of craft guilds, those associations which decided the standard quality for the products. Guilds could no longer compete with a market that privileged QUANTITY over QUALITY, so they became to disassemble.
        
        In addition, as cities continued to grow up and to develop, people needs, obviously, INCREASED. In fact, food and water supplies of the self-sufficient Medieval cities weren't enough to sustain the situation, so they started to TRADE among each other, balancing their lacks: ’DO UT DES’.
- - - - He also consolidated his power with treaties with the Netherlands, France and wanted his son Arthur to marry Catherine of Aragon, to make a treat with spin to increase the power of the monarchy. In addition, Henry invested mainly in the fleet, making his ships suitable for trade and battle. Thus he made England a real modern state, making it equal to other states from a political point of view, if not even better. The fleet was well established, in fact will succeed in defeating the Spanish one.
        
        As I said before, Henry VII wanted to celebrate the marriage between his son Arthur and Catherine of Aragon, but Arthur died young and succeeded Henry VIII.
        
        He was the typical Renaissance man, called the Golden Prince for his beautiful appearance. He was a good soldier, polite and elegant. He went against the ’Lollars’ and then the church nominated him ‘defender of the faith’.
        
        Then, he married Catherine of Aragon after his father’s permission. WHY? Because they were brothers in law. However, there was a problem: Anna Bolena. She was in the court of Henry VIII (the king used to be with other bridesmaids in the court despite being married. But Anna didn’t want an occasional affair, she wanted to become queen of England.
        
        As a consequence, since Catherine was sterile, Henry VIII asked the pope to abolish this marriage, but he refused both for moral and political reasons because he was an ally of Spanish people. Henry, who was a very POWERFUL person and didn't want to submit to his father, proclaimed the act of supremacy in 1534 and became the king of the English Church and therefore separated from the Roman church, to create ANGLICANISM.
        
        THE RELIGION: when the pope didn't allow the divorce between Henry VIII and his first wife because it went against Catholical values, the king iterrupted every connection with rome and founded a NEW CHURCH BY HIMSELF.
        
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        Under Elizabeth I, there were the so-called "Sea-dogs", the most famous explorers of England who traveled in her name towards new lands and discovered new products.
        
        in 1584, Sir. Walter Raleigh discovered a new colony which he called ’VIRGINIA’ in honour of the "Virgin queen" Elizabeth I.
- - - - The CHAIN OF BEING is a metaphorical structure in which all beings respect an order imposed by GOD:
        At the top there was God, from which the chain starts up to the mud.
        
        1) At the first three was the inanimate class, f.e. mud;
        2) Next, there was the vegetative class, represented by plants, vegetables;
        
        3) Then there ad the animal class up to man, characterized by conflicts between reason and spirituality, represented by women and passion, material desire, represented by men. The man wants to conquer and possess the woman, who is instead educated to be more rational. So the man, to conquer his lady, had to break his desire and be gentle, as the DOLCESTILNOVO said, the woman uplifted the man to heaven;
        4) Finally, there were the angels with God in the celestial sphere.
  - - - Holbein also reminds viewers of the subjects’ humanity, even as the painting immortalizes them. In line with the work’s other dualities, the two figures’ personalities contrast—Dinteville appears as a man of action, clutching a dagger, while de Selve rests his arm on a book, suggesting his contemplative nature.
    - - 3) The vision of woman, in fact, the English writers represent women in a more earthly way than Italian writers.
      - 2) While in England the artists are not influenced by the Christian vision because there is a division with the church, In Italy there is more religion, which consequently influences the artists and writers
      - 1) The Italian one is based on visual arts, while the English one on literature;
      - The main differences between English humanism and Italian humanism are: