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THE MODERN AGE (cultural context) (THE MODERN NOVEL (The authors (The most…
THE MODERN AGE (cultural context)
THE MODERN NOVEL
The authors
represented just a simple character, a little creature whose moral progress was inferior to the advances in technology
rejected the omniscient narration
tried to find a way to represent the psychological part of the mind and the technique was the interior monologue (direct or indirect).
DIRECT MONOLOGUE
third person narration linked to the external timeand interior narration for the representation of character’s mind.
INDIRECT MONOLOGUE
the story takes place at a specific moment, what moves it is the consciousness of the character who thinks of the past
we can talk about the “inner time” that is preferred to the “external time”
this because in our mind all the thoughts, also those about the past, are seen by the point of view of the present mind
the narrator is present and the characters’s thoughts are represented directly and also by adding descriptions and comments to guide the reader through the narration
The most important were
JOSEPH CONRAD
Tried to experience the ID
DAVID LAWRENCE
focused his attention on sexuality
VIRGINIA WOLF
tried new techniques and described the mind of the characters
EDWARD FOSTER
talked about the complexity of human relationship and the contrast between two different cultures
JAMES JOYCE
He focused his Ulysses on the relevant role played by sexuality in our life
GEORGE ORWELL
wanted to warn all the world of the horrors of dictatorship and absolutism
ALDOUS HUXLEY
criticized the ideals of scientific progress
English philosophy ceased to aim at system-building and became analytical, focusing on the study of language.
This influenced the perplexities of an age whose key-words were isolation, alienation and anxiety.
The first exponent of this ideas was FREUD with his Iterpretation of Dreams
In addiction he introduced the tripartition of the psyche into:
ID (rational part)
EGO ( which represents the balance between the two previous parties)
SUPEREGO (irrational and instinctive part)
He analysed man's mind through his dreams, which conceal the manifestation of internal diseases.
Gustav Jung, inspired by Freud's theories, conceived the concept of "collective unconscious"
a sort of cultural memory containing some figures or objects of the everyday world that had symbolic power and people responded to them unconsciously.
Only psychologist or poet could understand and explain them.
William JAMES and Henry BERGSON with the idea of "time"
James coined the term "stream of consciousness"
The continuos flow of thought and sensations that characterize human mind
so emotional life is made up of moments and not minutes because our brain are unable to record full experiences
Bergson distinguished
HISTORICAL TIME, which is external and linear
PSYCHOLOGICAL TIME, which is internal and subjective
The divelopment of ANTHROPOLOGY
Primitive societies began to be regarded as integrated structures, so a wide form of social organization was analysed and made known, and this upset the proud vision of British man
There was the introduction of "relativity" in science
ALBERT EINTEIN's theory of relativity discarded the concepts of time and space, which he conceived of a subjective dimensions
The time depends on the presence or absence of gravitation