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B.M. Kroll (1981)- 4 Stages in the Development of Writing (The child must…
B.M. Kroll (1981)- 4 Stages in the Development of Writing
Theory: In 1981, Barry.M. Kroll theorised 4 stages of children's writing to understand the relationship between oral and written language change. He believed that this will better understanding and promote students writing growth.
Stage 1: Preparatory
Masters the basic motor skills needed to write
Learns the basic principles of the spelling system
Kroll beloved that this stage would allow children to learn the necessary skills that will allow them to engage in the first stage. He believed there is a need to develop the ability to compose
The child must learn that a written text or passage is different from a conversational, social language and it's more explicit in feature.
Compositions of inexperienced writers feature more stylistic oral features.
Inexperienced writers tend to write as if they are conversing with reader who shares their context - as if it were speech, rather than an autonomous text production.
This leads them the to represent the non-sufficiently explicit ways, often unclear references, falling to define terms and omit.
Stage 3: Differentiation (up to age 9)
Difference between speaking and writing
Recognises the different writing styles available e.g. letter / essay
Lots of mistakes
Writing guides / frameworks to structure work
Write to reflect thoughts / feelings
Consolidation of a child oral competence with their resources for writing generally accomplished by teacher providing activities in which writing forms and functions are made similar to those of speaking .
Child writes in the same way it speaks
Short declarative sentences
Conjunctions: and / but
Incomplete sentences
Stage 2: Consolidation (up to age 6)
Preparation, Consolidation and Differentiation come together systematically to produce integration of complex relationships between writing and speaking. Mature writers both consolidate and differentiate.
Aspects of oral language continue to influence children's writing, expressive qualities most typical of speech.
Stage 4 - Integration stage (12+)
Child develops a personal style
Child understands that you can change your style according to audience and purpose