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Reproductive System Angelynn Torres Period 4 (Anatomy of Male…
Reproductive System
Angelynn Torres
Period 4
Major Functions of the Reproductive system:
Accessory organs: ducts, glands, external genitalia
Support cells and stimulate growth in the body
Produce Hormones: allow for development of entire body
Produce egg and sperm cells
Male gonads: Produce sperm
Female gonads: produce ova
Fertilization in order to produce a zygote
Anatomy of Female Reproductive System:
Mons Pubis
A fatty, rounded area, overlaying the pubic symphysis
Pubic hair covers skin of this area
Clitoris
small protruding structure, composed of erectile tissue
clitoris is sensitive to touch , many nerve endings
Perineum
Diamond shaped region
tissues overlie the muscles of the pelvic outlet and posterior ends of labia majora overlie the central tendon
Mammary Glands
modified sweat glands
normally function in lactating females
contained with subcutaneous tissue of a rounded, skin covered breast
Areola: pigmented skin surrounds protruding nipple
Sebaceous glands in areola make it bumpy
produce sebum
Labia Minora
two thin, hair-free skin folds
Labia Majora
two elongated, fatty skin folds, encloses labia minora
Vagina
Thin walled tube that lies between the bladder and rectum
Uterus
Cervical Canal: empties into the vagina via the external
Cervical glans: Secretes a mucous that fills the cervical canal
Cervix: is its narrow neck, projects into the vagina, inferiorly
Uterine tubes: Fallopian tubes
Receive the ovulated oocyte and site where fertilization occurs
hollow, thick walled
Ovaries
Female gonads, produce gametes (ova) and sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)
Ovarian ligament: anchors the ovary medially to the uterus
Ovarian Arteries: branches of the abdominal aorta
Ovarian follicles: each follicle consists o f an immature egg called an oocyte
Suspensory ligament: anchors it laterally to the pelvic wall
Disorders of the
reproductive system
Gonorrhea:
invades the mucosae of the reproductive and urinary tract
Men: most common symptom: urethritis inflammation of the urethra
painful urination and pus
Women: abdominal discomfort, vaginal discharge, and abdominal bleeding
Chlamydia:
chlamydia trachomatis is a bacterium with a virus like dependance on host cells
Infections are silent, rarely show symptoms, but can include
painful urination
-penile and vaginal discharge
painful intercourse
abdominal, rectal or testicular pain
Trichomoniasis:
A parasite infection
more common in women
A characteristic yellow- green vaginal discharge with a strong odor
Can be easily treated
Syphilis:
caused by bacterium Treponema pallidum
Transmitted sexually but an infected mother can pass it to fetus
After incubation periods, a red painless primary lesion appears
Sexually transmitted diseases: Infections diseases spread through sexual contact
Genital Herpes:
herpes simplex virus
most difficult human pathogen to control
Many people do not even know they have it
blisterlike lesions may appear
Antiviral drugs can reduce duration of flare ups, however herpes never leaves
Human Papillomavirus:
A group of about 40 viruses
causes genital warts
HPV causes cancers in infected body regions
Vaccination can guard against infection
Anatomy of Male Reproductive System
Spermatic cord
Formed by the ductus deferens and surrounding tissue
Cremaster Muscle
Bands of skeletal muscle that arise from internal oblique muscles, elevate testes
Ductus Deferens
Transports sperm during ejaculation
Its end expands to form the ampulla of the ductus deferens & joins seminal gland duct to form ejaculatory duct
Epidiymis
Where sperm mature
Its head contains efferent ductules that empty into the duct
Sperm can be stored in the epididymis for several months
Sperm are ejaculated from the epididymis not the testes
Dartos muscle
Layer of smooth muscle in the superficial fascia, wrinkles the scrotal skin
Testes
Sperm producing male gonads, lie within the scrotum
Surrounded by 2 tunics
outer: Tunica vaginalis
Deep: Tunica albuginea
Testicular artery
Branch from abdominal aorta superior to pelvis, supply the testes
Scrotum
A sac of skin & superficial fascia that hangs outside the abdominopelvic cavity at the root of the penis
Covered in sparse hairs & contains paired oval testes
Superficial location of the scrotum provides a temperature about 3 degrees celsius lower for the sperm
Testicular Veins
Draining the testes arise fro a network called pampiniform venous plexus surrounds portion of each testicular artery
Penis
Copulatory Organ
delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract
Consists of an attached root & a free body that ends in an enlarged tip, the glans penis
Skin covering the penis is loose and forms a cuff called foreskin
Hormones of the Reproductive System:
Gonadotropin- releasing hormone:
Released from the hypothalamus
Indirectly stimulates the testes or ovaries via its effect on FSH and LH release
Follicle Stimulating Hormone:
Gonadotropins released from anterior pituitary
Act on specific cells in the gonads where they stimulate gamete production and sex hormone secretion
Inhibin:
released from male & female gonads
Peptide hormon: exerts negative feedback on FSH release
Testosterone:
hormone that stimulates development of male secondary sexual characteristics
produced in the testes
Estrogen: promote the development and maintenance of female characteristics of the body
Progesterone: helps thicken the lining of the uterus to prepare for a fertilized egg
Female hormonal cycles:
Ovarian Cycle
Repeats at intervals of 28 days, ovulation occurs midcycle
Luteal phase: days 14-28, period where corpus luteum is active
Corpus Luteum: supplies the high levels of progesterone and estrogens
If pregnancy does not occur corpus luteum starts degenerating after 10 days
Follicular phase: Many large vesicular follicles are growing in the ovary
A cohort of vesicular follicles begins to secrete increasing amounts of estrogens and a dominant follicle is selected
Lasts from the 1st to 14th day of ovarian cycle
Uterine Menstrual Cycle
A series of cyclic changes that the uterine endometrium goes through each month
Day 5-1: Proliferative (preovulatory) phase
The endometrium rebuilds itself
Ovulation occurs at the end of the proliferative stage
15-28: Secretory (postovulatory) phase
14 day phase
The endometrium prepares for an embryo to implant
Endometrial glands enlarge, coil and begin secreting nutrients into the uterine cavity
the cervical mucous forms a cervical plug
Day 0-4: Menstrual phase Menstruation
The uterus sheds all but the deepest part of the endometrium
causes bleeding for 3-5 days
detached tissue & blood pass out through the vagina