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FALLACY (WHAT IS FALLACY? (Mistakes of factual reasoning., Considered an…
FALLACY
WHAT IS FALLACY?
- Mistakes of factual reasoning.
- Considered an error in reasoning.
- Presence of fallacy doesn't mean the
argument is disqualified.
Simple examples:
- If I counted 15 people in the class but actually
there are 16, I made a factual mistake.
- If I believe there is a triangle shape of square, I am believing something inconsistent. This is a mistake of reasoning.
FALLACY OF INSUFFICIENCY
MEANING
Cases where insufficient evidence is provided in support of a claim. Most common fallacies fall within this category.
LIMITED SAMPLING
- We have no evidence showing that he is innocent. So he must be guilty.
lack of evidence is not enough to prove guilt.
APPEAL TO IGNORANCE
- Momofuku Ando, the inventor of instant noodles, died at the age of 96. He said he ate instant noodles everyday. So instant noodles cannot be bad for your health.
In this case, the observation is relevant to conclusion, but more data needed to support the conclusion.
NATURALISTIC FALLACY
- Many children enjoy playing video games, so we should not stop them from playing.
Facts by themselves are not sufficient for the conclusions, even if they are relevant.
FALLACY OF INCONSISTENCY
MEANING
- cases where something inconsistent, self-contradictory or self-defeating is presented.
Example of inconsistency:
- "One thing that we know for certain is that nothing is ever true or false."
If there is something we know for certain, then there is at least one truth that we know. So it can't be the case that nothing is true or false.
Self-defeating statement:
A statement that is obviously false when being asserted.
EXAMPLE:
- Someone who says, "I can't speak english".
We can see obviously that the person is speaking english.
FALLACY OF IRRELEVANCE
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EXAMPLE:
- A student failed in examination and asked the teacher
to give him a pass because his parents will be upset.
Since grades should be given by evaluating his performance, the reason being given is quite irrelevant.
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