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The Reproductive System Leslie Ross p.7 (Anatomy Female Reproductive…
The Reproductive System
Leslie Ross p.7
Major functions of the
Reproductive system
Reproduction- process new individuals (offspring) of a species are produced
Sexual reproduction- reproduction involving two parents; offspring is genetically different than parent
Fertilization- fusion of egg and sperm that produces a zygote
Gonads- primary sex organs
Diploid- all body cells except for gametes; sperm and egg; 2 copies of each chromosome; 46 total, 23 pairs
Haploid- gametes that only have 1 copy of each chromosome; 23 total
Mitosis- Diploid to Diploid; making an exact clone; all cells except for gametes
Meiosis- diploid to haploid; making a gamete; includes crossing over (genetic variation); only for gametes
Conception-point at the egg is fertilized by sperm
Sex Determination- sex is determined by the Y-chromosome; the father's genes determine the sex of the baby
Down Syndrome- which is known as Trisomy 21; this is where an extra chromosome in 21
hormones of the reproductive system
Testosterone- stimulates reproductive organ development and sex drive (male and female)
Inhibin- released by the testes when high levels of testosterone are present to stimulates hypothalamus to release gonadotropin inhibiting hormone (GnIH) to STOP production of LH and FSH
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)- released by hypothalamus in the brain to stimulate anterior pituitary gland to release LH and FSH (male and female)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)- stimulates the development and maturation of primary follicle into secondary follicle (female)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)- at puberty stimulates Sertoli cells for sperm production and maturation, and inhibit
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)- spike of hormone will trigger ovulation of the most mature follicle (only one) (female )
Leutinizing Hormone (LH)- stimulates seminiferous tubules to secrete testosterone (male)
Inhibin- decrease release of FSH by anterior pituitary gland
Estrogen- primary female sex hormone released by follicle
Progesterone- triggers suppression of the hypothalamus from releasing GnRH
Anatomy Male Reproductive
Sertoli cells- provide nutrients and supportive function; empty sperm into the retentions testis
Interstitial (Leydig) cells- found surrounding seminiferous tubules produce androgens such as testosterone
Testes- primary sex organ; each lobule contains 1 to 4 seminiferous tubules; function as sperm-producing factories
Sperm- lives 30-60 days after maturation; can live in the vagina- 72 hours; can produce several hundred million/day
Septa (septum)- extension of the capsule that extend into the tests and divides in into lobules
Spermatogenesis- production of sperm cells; begins at puberty and continues throughout life; move to epididymis for maturation and storage
Tunica Albuginea- capsule surrounding the testes
Head- contains nucleus with DNA inside
Midpiece- contains mitochondria that provide energy, ATP, for journey through the female reproductive system
Acrosome- anterior portion of head, contains enzyme needed to penetrate the female egg
Falgella- only human cell with a tail
Epididymis- comma-shaped, tightly coiled tube; found on the superior part of the testis and also posterior lateral side; function to mature and store sperm cells (at least 20 day)
Vas Deferens- also known as ductus deferens; carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct; passes through the inguinal canal and over the urinary bladder
Spermatic Cord- made up ductus deferens, blood vessels, and nerves surrounded by a connective tissue sheath;
Vasectomy- cutting of the ductus deferens at the level of the testes to prevent transportation of sperm
Urethra- extends from the base of urinary bladder to the tip of the penis; carries both sperm and urine; sperm enters from the ejaculatory duct
Semen- milky white, sticky mixture of secretions from many glands; typical ejaculation release 2-5 mL; provide transport medium for sperm
Prostate Gland- secretes a milky fluid that helps activate sperm; encircles the upper part of the urethra; shape of chestnut and makes up 25% of semen
Penis- tubular organ through which distal portion of urthra passes; also delivers urine to exterior; delivers semen into female reproductive tract
Seminal Vesicle- produces a thich, alkaline, yellowish secretion; located at the base of the urinary bladder; contain fructose (sugar), vitamin C and other substances that nourish and activate the sperm
Scrotum- divided sac of skin outside the abdomen that holds the testes; maintain testes at 3 C lower than normal body temperature to protect sperm viability
Bulbourethral Gland- also known as cowper's gland; located at the base of the penis below the prostate; secrete an alkaline mucus in response to sexual stimulation, and lubricates penis for penetration just before ejaculation
Anatomy Female Reproductive
Ovaries- female gonad; paired, almond-shaped organ on either side of uterus
Suspensory Ligaments- secures ovary to lateral walls of pelvis
Ovarian Ligament- attach ovary to uterus
Broad Iigament- encloses suspensory ligament
Oogenesis- process of producing ova/ ovum ; total supply of egg are present at birth
Ovulation- (ability to release eggs); begins at puberty ; reproductive ability ends at menopause; matured oocyte are called Graafian follicle just before being released
Uterine (Fallopian) Tube- receive the ovulated oocyte; provide a site for fertilization;
Fimbriae- finger- like projections at the distal end that receive the oocyte from the ovary; cilia inside the uterine tube slowly move the oocyte towards the uterus
Tubal Ligation- uterine tubes are cut and ligated (tied); sperm cells cannot reach the egg; female sterilization aka "getting her tubes tied"
Uterus- located between the urinary bladder and rectum; hollow organ; functions of the uterus- receive a fertilized egg, retain the fertilized egg, and nourishes the fertilized egg
Broad Ligament- attached to the pelvis
Round Ligament- anchor interiorly
Uterosacral Ligament- anchored posteriorly
Body- main portion
Fundus- area where uterine tube enters
Cervix- narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina or opening into the uterus
Endometrium- inner layer; allows for implantation of a fertilized egg; sloughs off if no pregnancy occurs during menses
Myometrium- middle layer of smooth muscle
Perimetrium- outer visceral peritoneum (covering of abdominal organs)
Vagina- extends from cervix to exterior of body; behind bladder and in front of rectum; serves as birth canal
Hymen- membrane that partially close the vaginal opening.Opening allows for vaginal secretions to pass to the outside
External Genitalia- also known as the vulva
Mons pubis- fatty pad over the pubic symphysis, covers by pubic hair after puberty
Labia- skin folds around the vaginal opening
Labia majora- outer fold
Labia minora- inner fold
Vestibule- area enclosed by labia majora; contains the opening to the urethra and greater vestibular gland or Bartholin's gland (produce mucus)
Clitoris- contains erectile tissue; corresponds to the male penis; can become engorged with blood during sexual stimulation
Mammary Gland- modified sweat gland; present in both sexes; stimulated by sex hormones to increase in size; function: to produce milk (lactation)
Events of the female hormonal cycles
Ovarian Cycle
Follicular Phase- Day 1-14; extends from the beginning of menstruation until ovulation; FSH cause follicular cell develop into primary follicle;
Ovulation- Day 14; Triggered by sudden spike increase in LH caused by steady increase in estrogen stimulating the pituitary gland; Graafian follicle releases the oocyte; Slight rise in progesterone just before ovulation causes basal body temperature to rise about 0.4-0.6
Luteal Phase- Day 15-28; When follicle expels the oocyte, the empty shell becomes Corpus Luteum; Corpus luteum secretes progesterone, some estrogen, and inhibit which suppresses FSH; In the absence of pregnancy, corps luteum becomes corpus albicans causing the decrease in progesterone and estrogen
Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle
Menstrucation- Day 1-5; decline of estrogen and progesterone cause the spiral arteries to constrict, cells become ischemic and die, and are sloughed off or shed (through bleeding); bleeding last for 3-5 days
Proliferative Phase- Day 6-14; estrogen stimulates growth of blood vessels of the endometrium, causing it to double in thickness; Thickening of endometrium allows ovulated egg to be caught to cause implantation; uterus is preparing for fertilized egg
Secretory Phase- Day 15-28; In response to rising levels of progesterone by the corpus luteum, the uterus becomes ready for pregnancy; Uterine glands enlarge and secrete nutrients to sustain the embryo until implantation occurs; preparing for implantation
Menopause
Usually between 45-55; ovaries no longer responsive to hormones released by anterior pituitary; Ovaries secrete low levels of estrogen and progesterone; at the beginning, uterine cycle can be irregular- pregnancy still possible; women usually not considered to have completes menopause until menstruation has been absent for a year