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Chapter 6: Mortality - Causes and Consequences (Social and Environmental…
Chapter 6: Mortality - Causes and Consequences
Global Mortality Patterns: Past and Present
Epidemiological transition
The period and the elimination of the traditional causes of high mortality associated with it
Transition in the Less-Industrialized Countries
Asia, Africa, and Latin America
Mortality rates were a lot higher in these regions
Public health technology and medical practices helped
Epidemiological Transition in Europe and America
Occurred in 3 stages
Receding pandemic
Saw a decrease in the prevalence of the diseases
Industrialized nations
High rate of degenerative and human-induced diseases
The struggle to maintain positive growth
Epidemics and pandemics
Improvement in life expectancies
Measuring Morbidity and Mortality
Death certificates
In order to prevent death, one must know the causes
Measures of morbidity describe the occurrence of illness in a population
Incidence
Refers to the number of cases of a disease newly diagnosed during a specified period of time, usually one year
Prevalence
Measures indicate the proportion of individuals in a population who have a specific disease at a particular point in time or during a specified interval.
Crude Death Rates: CDR
Most common measure
The number of deaths that occur in a population during the course of one year for every 1,000 persons alive at midyear
CDR = (D/P) x 1,000
D: # of deaths P: total population size
Not a pure measure
Incorporates certain assumptions in the absence of facts
2 more items...
Morbidity Rates
Most straightforward demographic measure of illness
Proportion of those affected symbolized by "pr"
pr = # of individuals with particular disease / total population size
Incidence rate "I" is the # of of new cases of a disease that occur per 100,000 persons in a population
The duration is measured from the time the disease is positively diagnosed to the point at which the person either dies or is cured.
Specific Death Rates
Refer to the deaths that occur among a specific subpopulation or sub aggregate whose members are known to have a common level of exposure to disease and other causes of death
DRs = Ds/Ps x 1,000
S: specific death rate for the group D: # of deaths that occur to members of that subpopulation P: size of the group at midyear
Analyzing Infant Mortality
Infant Mortality Rate: IMR
Fetal mortality
Death that occurs to a viable fetus whose period of gestation is understood to be twenty weeks or more
Miscarriage
Involuntary abortion
Cause-Specific Rates
The occurrence of deaths in a population according to its causes
Calculated by dividing the # of deaths in a category by a population base per 100,000 members of the reference population
DR accidents = (D accidents/P) x 100,000
DR: annual accident-specific death rate D: # of people that died from accidents P: population size at midyear
Age-Specific Rates
Measure the incidence of death among members of the same cohorts
ASDRx = (Dx/Px) x 1,000
D: # of deaths at a specific age P: # of people alive at midyear
IMR: Infant Mortality Rate - covers the first year of life
NMR: Neonatal Mortality Rate - focuses on the first 28 days of life
CMR: Child Mortality Rate - measures death among persons 1-5 years old
Social and Environmental Factors
Gender
Ethnicity
Social Class
The likelihood of living along side has increased.
The ability to prevent death from year to year has increased.
A clear relationship exists between death rates and wealth, education, and occupational status
Lifestyle and access to health care
Mortality in the United States
Age Group
Mortality rates increase or decrease based on age
The Effects of Inequality
Race
Poverty
Drug use
Teenage Pregnancy
Average life expectancy at birth
Improving due to medical science and nutrition
Cause-Specific Death in the U.S.
Lung Cancer
Heart disease
Stroke
HIV/AIDS
Suicide
Gender Disparities
Nonfatal Suicidal Thoughts and Behavior
8th leading cause of death in the U.S.
Native American and Hispanic Populations
Mortality Decline
Decline in poverty and improvement in SES
Improved nutrition, safe environments, and greater access to health care services
Lifestyles have changed for the better
People exercise, smoke less, and eat healthier
Decline in infant and general death rates
Vaccines, blood products
Decline in death rates of persons under 25 years of age
Water purification and proper sewage disposal
Mortality refers to the process of depletion of a population through death.
Morbidity refers to an abnormal or pathological state