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Reproduction (Contraceptives (Pill (prevent hormone levels from allowing…

- - - - since they no longer want any children this is the most effective and least complicated form of contraception
      - Husband can have vasectomy or wife can have tubal ligation
      - One surgery would be all they have to worry about and would not have to keep up with pill or other forms of contraception
  - - - shown to be highly effective and last for longer periods of time
  - - - again shown to be highly effective and also last for extended amount of time and requires little maintenance
- - - - with being higher in age females menstrual cycle could become less predictable and accidental pregnancy could definitely still occur
      - If she did become pregnant there are much higher risk when pregnancy occurs at a higher age
  - - - although very effective it requires to be taken every day and can have certain health side effects.
      - Just not practical for someone who knows they dont want anymore children to depend on a pill that must be taken every day
  - - - since they are married and not worried about STI condom can be less effective in just preventing pregnancy.
- - - - sac of skin that contains paired oval testes
    - - pair of sperm producing male gonads
      - seminiferous tubules
        
        the actual "sperm factories"
      - straight tubule
        
        seminiferous tubules converge here and conveys sperm into rete testis
      - rete testis
        
        tubular network on posterior side of testes, sperm leave testis through efferent ductules into epididymis
      - epididymis
        
        where sperm mature and are stored until ejaculation
      - testicular arteries
        
        branch from abdominal aorta supply testes
      - testicular veins
        
        drain blood from testes
    - - Epididymus
        
        where sperm mature and are stored and ejaculated from
      - Ductus Deferens
        
        transports sperm during ejaculation
      - Ejaculatory Duct
        
        sperm come from ductus deferens and joins with the duct of the seminal gland where each ejaculatory duct empties into the urethra
      - Urethra
        
        terminal portion of male duct system, transports urine and semen to outside
    - - copulatory organ that delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract
    - - produce bulk of semen
      - Seminal Glands
        
        secretes seminal vesicles which account for 70% of semen volume.
      - Prostate
        
        secretes prostatic secretion that plays a role in activating sperm and accounts for 1/3 of semen volume
      - Bulbo Urethral Glands
        
        produce thick, clear mucus that neutralizes acidic urine and lubricates the glans penis
      - Semen
        
        milky white sticky mixture of accessory gland secretions and sperm
  - - - the female gonads produce female gametes (ova) and sex hormones estrogens and progesterone
      - ovarian follices
        
        tiny saclike structures that contain immature an egg called an oocyte
    - - Uterine tubes
        
        receive the ovulated oocyte and are the site where fertilization generally occurs
        
        Infundibulum
        
        opening of uterine tube into the peritoneal cavity
        
        ampulla
        
        forms half of length of uterine tube is where fertilization usually occurs
        
        isthmus
        
        narrow medial third of uterine tube and empties into superolateral region of uterus
      - Uterus
        
        hallow thick walled muscular organ that receives, retains, and nourishes a fertilized ovum
        
        body
        
        major portion of uterus
        
        fundus
        
        rounded region superior to entrance of the uterine tubes
        
        cervix
        
        narrow neck or outlet which projects into the vagina inferiorly
        
        Uterine Wall
        
        wall of uterus composed of three layers
        
        perimetrium
        
        incomplete outermost serous layer
        
        myometrium
        
        bulky middle layer composed of smooth muscle layer, contracts during childbirth to expel baby
        
        endometrium
        
        mucosa that lines uterine cavity has two chief layers
        
        functional layer
        
        undergoes cyclic changes in response to blood levels of ovarian hormones and is shed during mesntruation
        
        basal lyer
        
        stem cells found here form new functional layer after menstruation ends
      - Vagina
        
        provides passageway for delivery of an infant and for menstrual flow and is the female organ for copulation
    - - female reproductive structures that lie external to the vagina
      - vulva
        
        other name for external genitalia
      - mons pubis
        
        fatty, rounded area overlying pubic symphysis
      - labia majora
        
        two elongated, hair covered fatty skin folds
      - labia minora
        
        two thin, hair free skin folds, homologous to the spongy urethra of the penis
      - vestibule
        
        contain external openings of the urethra and the vagina
      - greater vestibular glands
        
        release mucus into vestibule to keep it moist and lubricated
      - clitoris
        
        small protruding structure composed of erectile tissue
    - - modified sweat glands that produce milk in response to hormonal stimulation to nourish an infant
    - - monthly series of events associated with the maturation of an egg
      - Follicular Phase
        
        period when a cohort of vesicular follicles begins to secrete increasing amounts of estrogens and one of these follicles is selected as the dominant follicle
        
        last from the first to the fourteenth day of the ovarian cycle
      - Luteal Phase
        
        days 14-28, is the period during which the corpus luteum is active
        
        corpus luteum
        
        supplies high levels of progesterone and estrogens that characterize the luteal phase
      - Hormonal Interactions during Ovarian Cycle
        
        1.
        
        GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion
        
        2.
        
        FSH and LH stimulate follicles to grow, mature, and secrete sex hormones
        
        3.
        
        negative feedback inhibits gonadotropin release
        
        4.
        
        positive feedback stimulates gonadotropin release
        
        5.
        
        LH surge triggers ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum
        
        6.
        
        negative feedback inhibits LH and FSH release
    - - series of cyclic changes that the uterine endometrium goes through each month as it responds to changing levels of ovarian hormones in the blood
      - Menstrual Phase (Days 0-4)
        
        uterine sheds all but the deepest part of the endometrium.
      - Proliferative Phase (Days 5-14)
        
        endometrium rebuilds itself due to rising levels of estrogen. Ovulation occurs at the end of this phase day 14 due to LH surge
      - Secretory Phase (Days 15-28)
        
        endometrium prepares for an embryo to implant