Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
The Reproductive System// Haydee adame period.7 (hormones of the…
The Reproductive System// Haydee adame
period.7
Major functions of the
Reproductive system
To produce egg and sperm cells.
To transport and sustain these cells.
To nurture the developing offspring.
To produce hormones.
Anatomy of male and female reproductive structures & their functions
The male reproductive system consists of two major parts: the testes, where sperm are produced, and the penis, according to Merck Manuals.
he major internal organs of the female reproductive system include the vagina and uterus which act as the receptacle for semen and the ovaries, which produce the female's ova.
hormones of the reproductive system
Luteinizing hormone
Luteinizing hormone is a hormone produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland. In females, an acute rise of LH triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum. In males, where LH had also been called interstitial cell–stimulating hormone, it stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone.
Testosterone
Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and anabolic steroid. In male humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair.
Relaxin
Relaxin is a protein hormone of about 6000 Da first described in 1926 by Frederick Hisaw. The relaxin-like peptide family belongs in the insulin superfamily and consists of 7 peptides of high structural but low sequence similarity; relaxin-1, 2 and 3, and the insulin-like peptides, INSL3, INSL4, INSL5 and INSL6.
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone is a gonadotropin, a glycoprotein polypeptide hormone. FSH is synthesized and secreted by the gonadotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland, and regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the body
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone is a releasing hormone responsible for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary. GnRH is a tropic peptide hormone synthesized and released from GnRH neurons within the hypothalamus.
Progesterone
Progesterone is an endogenous steroid and progestogen sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis of humans and other species. It belongs to a group of steroid hormones called the progestogens, and is the major progestogen in the body.
Estradiol
Estradiol, also spelled oestradiol, is an estrogen steroid hormone and the major female sex hormone. It is involved in the regulation of the estrous and menstrual female reproductive cycles.
Sex steroid
Sex steroids, also known as gonadocorticoids and gonadal steroids, are steroid hormones that interact with vertebrate steroid hormone receptors. The sex steroids include the androgens, estrogens, and progestogens.
Events of the female hormonal cycles:
Menstruation
Menstruation is the elimination of the thickened lining of the uterus (endometrium) from the body through the vagina. Menstrual fluid contains blood, cells from the lining of the uterus (endometrial cells) and mucus. The average length of a period is between three days and one week.
Sanitary pads or tampons are used to absorb the menstrual flow. Both pads and tampons need to be changed regularly (at least every four hours). Using tampons has been associated with an increased risk of a rare illness called toxic shock syndrome (TSS).
Follicular phase
The follicular phase starts on the first day of menstruation and ends with ovulation. Prompted by the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland releases follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). This hormone stimulates the ovary to produce around five to 20 follicles (tiny nodules or cysts), which bead on the surface.
Each follicle houses an immature egg. Usually, only one follicle will mature into an egg, while the others die. This can occur around day 10 of a 28-day cycle. The growth of the follicles stimulates the lining of the uterus to thicken in preparation for possible pregnancy.
Ovulation
Ovulation is the release of a mature egg from the surface of the ovary. This usually occurs mid-cycle, around two weeks or so before menstruation starts.
During the follicular phase, the developing follicle causes a rise in the level of oestrogen. The hypothalamus in the brain recognises these rising levels and releases a chemical called gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH). This hormone prompts the pituitary gland to produce raised levels of luteinising hormone (LH) and FSH.
Within two days, ovulation is triggered by the high levels of LH. The egg is funnelled into the fallopian tube and toward the uterus by waves of small, hair-like projections. The life span of the typical egg is only around 24 hours. Unless it meets a sperm during this time, it will die.
When you want to have a baby you can improve your chance of getting pregnant if you know about ovulation and the ‘fertile window’ in the menstrual cycle.
Luteal phase
During ovulation, the egg bursts from its follicle, but the ruptured follicle stays on the surface of the ovary. For the next two weeks or so, the follicle transforms into a structure known as the corpus luteum. This structure starts releasing progesterone, along with small amounts of oestrogen. This combination of hormones maintains the thickened lining of the uterus, waiting for a fertilised egg to stick (implant).
If a fertilised egg implants in the lining of the uterus, it produces the hormones that are necessary to maintain the corpus luteum. This includes human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), the hormone that is detected in a urine test for pregnancy. The corpus luteum keeps producing the raised levels of progesterone that are needed to maintain the thickened lining of the uterus.
If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum withers and dies, usually around day 22 in a 28-day cycle. The drop in progesterone levels causes the lining of the uterus to fall away. This is known as menstruation. The cycle then repeats.
disorders of the
reproductive system
cancers:
Prostate cancer - Cancer of the prostate gland
Breast cancer - Cancer of the mammary gland.
Ovarian cancer - Cancer of the ovary.
Penile cancer - Cancer of the penis.
Uterine cancer - Cancer of the uterus.
Testicular cancer - Cancer of the testicle
Cervical cancer - Cancer of the cervix.
functional problems:
Impotence - The inability of a male to produce or maintain an erection.
Hypogonadism - A lack of function of the gonads, in regards to either hormones or gamete production.
Ectopic pregnancy - When a fertilized ovum is implanted in any tissue other than the uterine wall.
Female sexual arousal disorder - A condition of decreased, insufficient, or absent lubrication in females during sexual activity
Premature ejaculation - A lack of voluntary control over ejaculation.
Dysmenorrhea - Is a medical condition of pain during menstruation that interferes with daily activities