An elderly patient with stomach cancer had a feeding tube inserted into alimentary canal. Gall bladder was removed several years ago

what's being bypassed

chemicals not added to food

not able to occur

impact on diet

needs to be provided

background information

anatomy

physiology

anatomy of digestive tract

organs

of each organ

basic nutrients needed

enzymes responsible for digesting different nutrients

fall into two groups

alimentary canal (GI tract)

accessory digestive organs

mouth

pharynx

esophagus

stomach

small and large intestine

anus

teeth

tongue

gallbladder

secretions

small intestine

stomach

colon

pharynx and esophagus

allows passage of food, fluids, and air

chief cell

enteroendocrine cell

parietal cell

secretes HCI

secretes pepsinogen

secretes hormones

and intrinsic factor

and paracrines

stomach

mouth

small intestine

large intestine

anus

gallbladder

teeth

tongue

allows feces and gas to exit the body

absorbs water from the remaining indigestible food matter

almost all digestion and absorption of nutrients and minerals from food takes place

chewing breaks the food into pieces while saliva mixes and begins breaking food down

secretes acid and enzymes that digest food

store and concentrate bile

aids in breaking down and grinding food

vital for chewing and swallowing food

can be grouped into 4 categories

lipids

proteins

carbohydrates

digestion of carbohydrates

pancreatic amylase

brush border enzymes

digestion of proteins

begins in stomach when pepsinogen is converted to pepsin

brush border enzymes

nucleic acids

digestion of lipids

emulsification: triglycerides and their breakdown products are insoluble in water

digestion: pancreatic lipases break down fat into free fatty acids and monoglycerides

digestion of nucleic acids

pancreatic nucleases hydrolyze nucleic acid to nucleotide monomers

brush border enzymes break nucleotides down into free nitrogenous bases, pentose sugars, and phosphate ions

goblet cells

secrete mucus

enteroendocrine cells

source of enterogastrones

paneth cells

secrete antimicrobial agents

defensins

lysozome

goblet cells

secrete mucus

liquid formulas

beginning breakdown of food

specialized formulas with complete nutrients

esophagus

stomach

duodenum

pepsin

gastric juice

hydrochloric acid