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Reproductive System Diana Ventura Per. 1 (Anatomy of male and female…
Reproductive System
Diana Ventura
Per. 1
Major functions of the
Reproductive system
Reproduction- process by which new individuals (offspring) of a species are produced.
Sexual Reproduction- reproduction involving two (male and female) parents; offspring is genetically different than parent (as opposed to asexual reproduction is a single parent making a genetically identical offspring).
Fertilization- fusion of egg and sperm that produces a zygote.
Conception- the point at which the egg is fertilized by sperm.
Female reproduction- functions in production of female gamete (ovum or egg) and preparation for support of developing embryo during pregnancy.
Male reproduction- functions to produce and disseminate a large quantity of male gamete (sex cells = sperm). Goal is to produce sperm and deliver it to the egg.
Events of the female hormonal cycles (3)
Menstruation- decline of estrogen and progesterone cause the spiral arteries to constrict, cells become ischemic and die, and are sloughed off or shed (through bleeding).
Proliferative phase- estrogen stimulates growth of blood vessels of the endometrium, causing it to double in thickness. Thickening of endometrium allows ovulated egg to be caught to cause implantation.
Uterine (Menstration) cycle- occurs in the uterus to prepare the uterus for implantation of the fertilized ovum.
Secretory phase- in response to rising levels of progesterone by the corpus luteum, the uterus becomes ready for pregnancy. Uterine glands enlarge and secrete nutrients to sustain the embryo until implantation occurs.
Luteal Phase- when follicle expels the oocyte, the empty shell becomes Corpus Luteum. Corpus luteum secretes progesterone, some estrogen, and inhibin which suppresses FSH.
Ovulation- triggered by sudden spike increase in LH caused by steady increase in estrogen stimulating the pituitary gland.
Follicular Phase- extends from the beginning of menstruation until ovulation. Causes follicular cells develop into primary follicle. Follicular cells secrete estrogen to become secondary follicle. Only one follicle become Graafian follicle.
Menopause- menstrual cycle ceases.
Usually between 45-55. Ovaries no longer responsive to hormones released by anterior pituitary. Ovaries secrete low levels of estrogen and progesterone.
Ovarian cycle- occurs in the ovaries leading to the maturation and ovulation of the mature oocyte.
Anatomy of male and female reproductive structures & their functions
Scrotum- divided sac of skin outside the abdomen that holds the testes. Maintains testes at 3°C lower than normal body temperature to protect sperm viability. Regulates temperature of testes for sperm viability.
Bulbourethral gland- also called Cowper’s gland. Secrete an alkaline mucus in response to sexual stimulation, and lubricates penis for penetration just before ejaculation. Pre-ejaculate cleanses neutralizes the traces of acidic urine.
Vas deferens- carries sperm from the
epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.
Prostate gland- secretes a milky fluid that helps activate sperm (allows for locomotion).
Penis- tubular organ through which distal portion of urethra passes. Also delivers urine to exterior. Delivers semen into female reproductive tract.
Seminal vesicle- contains fructose (sugar), vitamin C and other substances that nourish and activate the sperm.
Sperm- lives 30-60 days after maturation. Males ~14 years of age will start producing sperm.
Epididymis- comma-shaped, tightly coiled tube. Functions to mature and store sperm cells (at least 20 days).
Testis- primary male sex organ. Each lobule contains 1 to 4 seminiferous tubules.
Male:
Semen- milky white, sticky mixture of secretions from many glands. Provide transport medium for sperm. Inhibits bacterial multiplication.
Urethra- extends from the base of urinary bladder to the tip of the penis (7-8 inches long). Carries both sperm and urine (organ of both reproductive and urinary system).
Female:
Ovaries- primary female sex organ. Paired, almond-shaped organ on either side of uterus.
Ductus System- delivery of female gamete.
Uterine (Fallopian) tube- receive the ovulated oocyte. Provide a site for fertilization. Does not physically attach to the ovary. Supported by the broad ligament.
Uterus- hollow organ. Receive a fertilized egg. Retain the fertilized egg. Nourishes the fertilized egg.
Vagina- serves as birth canal. Receives the penis during sexual intercourse.
Labia- skin folds around the vaginal opening.
Vestibule- area enclosed by labia majora. Contains the opening to the urethra and greater vestibular gland or Bartholin’s gland (produce mucus).
Clitoris- contains erectile tissue. Corresponds to the male penis. Can become engorged with blood during sexual stimulation.
Mammary glands- modified sweat glands. Present in both sexes. Stimulated by sex hormones (mostly estrogen) to increase in size (for females). Estrogen causes development of glands & fat. Functions to produce milk (lactation). During pregnancy, glands enlarge.
Hormones of the reproductive system
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) – released by hypothalamus in the brain to stimulate anterior pituitary gland to release LH and FSH.
Testosterone – stimulates reproductive organ development and sex drive (male & female).
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) – at puberty stimulates Sertoli cells for sperm production and maturation, & inhibin.
Inhibin – released by the testes when high levels of testosterone are present to stimulate hypothalamus to release gonadotropin inhibiting hormone (GnIH) to STOP production of LH and FSH.
Leutinizing Hormone (LH) – stimulates seminiferous tubules to secrete testosterone.
Female Hormones:
Male Hormones:
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) – released by hypothalamus in the brain to stimulate anterior pituitary gland to release LH and FSH (same as males).
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) – stimulates the development and maturation of primary follicle into secondary follicle.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) – spike of hormone will trigger ovulation of the most mature follicle (only one).
Inhibin – decrease release of FSH by anterior pituitary gland.
Estrogen – primary female sex hormone released by follicle (in ovary).
Progesterone – triggers suppression of the hypothalamus from releasing GnRH.
Disorders of the
reproductive system
Ovarian cancer- begins in the female organs that produce eggs (ovaries).
Sexually transmitted disease- an infection transmitted through sexual contact, caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites.
Testicular cancer- cancer in the male organs that make male hormones and sperm (testicles).
Cervical cancer- a malignant tumor of the cervix, the lowermost part of the uterus.
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)- zygote has the incorrect number of chromosomes, it may never start growing.
HIV/AIDS- virus can be transmitted through contact with infected blood, semen, or vaginal fluids.
Male infertility- any health issue in a man that lowers the chances of his female partner getting pregnant. Due to problems with his sperm production or with sperm delivery.
Prostatitis- swelling and inflammation of the prostate gland, a walnut-sized gland situated directly below the bladder in men.
Prostate cancer- 2nd most common cancer among men (1st is skin cancer).