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Female taking high dose multivitamin supplements on a vegan, non-GMO diet.
Female taking high dose multivitamin supplements on a vegan, non-GMO diet.
upstream causes
not eating eggs, milk, or dairy
not eating meat
unfiltered water
not getting the benefits of added minerals
risk of drinking contaminants
no gluten
no GMOs
not getting heme through genetically modified plant life
oxygen transport disrupted
ATP cannot be made
continued food limitations as symptoms worsen
downstream effects
chronic fatigue
proteins cannot be made because no animal proteins are being consumed, therefore the body is only getting incomplete proteins and does not have all necessary amino acids to make protein
anorexia
malnourished
because she is not getting necessary dietary fat, she cannot absorb fat-soluble vitamins
multivitamin cannot be absorbed to supply A, D, E, and K
body cannot function normally at all
lightheadedness
fainting
poor vision
increased breathing rate
shakiness
lethargic
no energy
not getting triglycerides, sugars, or starches
weakening of muscles
bone and muscle degradation
no ATP
lack of brain function
possible tissue damage
possible brain damage
major minerals are lacking in diet
background
nutrients
macromolecules
carbohydrates
structurally are: monosaccharides, polysaccharides, and disaccharides
consist of
sugars
include monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose
ex: brown sugar, honey, corn syrup, dextrose, high fructose corn syrup, raw sugar, molasses, malt syrup, trehalose
include disaccharides: sucrose, lactose, maltose
starch
polysaccharide polymer of glucose within certain types of food
ex: tubers, grains, beans and peas, bread and pasta
primarily converted to glucose: one of the primary nutrients supplying energy to cells
fiber
includes fibrous molecules of both plants and animals that cannot be digested and absorbed by the GI tract
ex: vegetables, lentils, peas, beans, whole grains, oatmeal, berries, nuts
remains within the lumen of the GI tract and adds bulk
stimulates peristalsis of the large intestine which facilitates movement of the GI tract contents until their elimination
some fiber decreases LDL cholesterol levels
fats
diverse group of biologically active, hydrophobic molecules
include: triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids (including cholesterol), and eicosanoids
triglycerides
composed of glycerol and fatty acids
fatty acids
saturated fatty acids
ex: fat in meat, milk, cheese, coconut oil, palm oil
unsaturated fatty acids
ex: canola oil, olive oil, sunflower oil
polyunsaturated fatty acids
ex: soybean oil, corn oil, safflower oil
primary nutrient supplying energy to cells
yields more than twice the amount of energy as glucose
necessary for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K)
cholesterol: required as a component of the plasma membrane of our cells
made through diet through component of animal based products, meat, eggs, and milk
proteins
adequate dietary intake of protein provides amino acids in order to synthesize new proteins to replace body protein structures
8 of the 20 amino acids are essential in adults and must be obtained from diet
complete proteins: contain all of the essential amino acids
ex: meats, poultry, fish, eggs, milk, cheese, yogurt
incomplete proteins: do not contain all essential amino acids
ex: plant proteins i.e. legumes, vegetables, grains
a source of nitrogen
a chemical element that is needed for synthesizing other nitrogen containing molecules (like DNA and RNA) and poryphrin (a component of heme)
nitrogen balance occurs when equilibrium exists between dietary intake and its loss in urine and feces
negative nitrogen balance can be fatal
consumed in large quantities in order to be healthy
vitamins
organic molecules
micronutrient; consumed in smaller quantities in order to be healthy
primarily obtained in the food we eat
required for normal metabolism
types of vitamins
water soluble or fat soluble
water-soluble
dissolve in water
vitamins B and C
easily absorbed into the blood from the digestive tract
excess excreted by urine
fat-soluble
dissolve in fat
vitamins A, D, E, and K
absorbed in the GI tract within the lipid of micelles and ultimately enter the lymphatic capillaries (lacteals)
excess can be deadly
essential or non-essential
essential
must be provided in the diet
lack of vitamin results in a vitamin deficiency disease
non-essential
cofactors that the body is able to produce and recycle as needed
ex: FADH2 and NADH
good sources of vitamins include:
meat
eggs
beans
legumes
nuts
vegetables
and fruits
minerals
inorganic ions
ex: iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, iodine, zinc, magnesium, and phosphorus
all minerals are essential and must be obtained from diet
major minerals
daily requirement exceeds 100mg per day
calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium, sodium, and sulfur
trace minerals
daily requirement is less than 100mg per day
chromium, cobalt, copper, fluoride, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc
if stored minerals are depleted, clinical problems may occur
water
minerals calcium, magnesium, and zinc are found in filtered water
filtered water removes contaminants
RDA for a healthy diet
recommended daily allowance
established values for the amount of each nutrient that must be obtained every day
nutrients impact
cardiac
increases blood pressure due to the maintaining of blood pH
increased heart rate because of muscles weakening
heart has to work harder to pump blood because low energy levels use up stored energy quicker
muscular
reduced muscle and tissue mass
reduced production of ATP
ATP required to use muscles so more easily fatigued muscular system occurs
more likely to injure muscles due to muscle weakness
endocrine
hormones insulin and glucagon are responsible for regulating blood glucose
if blood glucose is too low due to an insufficient diet an increased amount of glucagon will be produced to maintain blood sugar levels
insulin will not be released as much and will not stimulate liver and muscle cells along with most other cells
inevitably decreases energy levels on a hormone level
nervous
brain activity slows due to no intake of carbohydrates
neurons cannot fire as quickly because of lack of energy stored
electron transport chain cannot occur as easily because some proteins/ amino acids are not available
urinary
higher blood pressure causes lack of filtration in kidneys
buildup of waste in the blood because the body is trying to conserve energy