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The Immune System (Immune Respose (innate immune response (the…

- - - - cannot distinguish SELF vs NONSELF
        
        type I diabetes
    - - response out of proportion with the threat of a pathogen
        
        bee sting
    - - some components of immune system fail to function
        
        HIV, AIDS
- - - - nucleic acid core with protein coat
    - - must have host cell to reproduce
    - - some can be inhibited with antiviral drugs
- - - - physical - skin and mucous membranes
        
        epithelium: protective barrier of skin and mucous membranes
      - chemical - glandular secretions and stomach acid
        
        glandular secretions: salivary glands and the glands in airways secrete mucus and immunoglobulins to trap and disable inhaled or ingested pathogens
        
        stomach acidity: the low pH of the stomach helps destroy swallowed pathogens
  - - - granulocytes
        
        granules in cytoplasm
        
        basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
      - phagocytes
        
        engulf and ingest their target cells by phagocytosis
        
        neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes
      - cytotoxic cells
        
        kil target cells
        
        eosinophils and some lymphocytes
      - antigen presenting cells (APCs)
        
        present fragments of foreign proteins on their surface
        
        macrophages, monocytes, B lymphocytes, dendritic cells
  - - - pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPS)
    - - Natural Killer (NK) cells
        
        recognize virus-infected cells and induce them to commit suicide (apoptosis) before they can replicate
        
        attack some tumour cells
        
        secrete antiviral cytokines that interfere with viral replication and activate other immune cells
    - - 3 important roles in fighting infection in damaged tissue
        
        attracts immune cells and chemical mediators to the site
        
        create a physical barrier to slow the spread of infection
        
        promote tissue repair once infection is controlled
      - initiated when macrophages release cytokines which
        
        attract other immune cells
        
        increase capillary permeability
        
        cause fever
      - CHEMICALS OF THE RESPONSE
        
        interleukins
        
        leukocyte - secreted cytokines that act on other leukocytes
        
        several types, multiple effects
        
        bradykinin
        
        stimulates pain receptors
        
        vasodilator
        
        complement proteins
        
        can act as opsonins, chemotaxins, and membrane attack complex
        
        acute phase proteins
        
        act as opsonins that coat pathogens and enhance the inflammatory response
        
        C-reactive protein from liver
        
        histamine
        
        vasodilator - hot, red, swollen infection/wound site
        
        bronchoconstrictor - congestion, stuffy nose
  - - - cell-mediated: immune cells bind to targer
      - antibody-mediated: antibodies are secreted and combine to target cells
      - body recognizes a pathogen and reacts specifically to it
    - - each lymphocyte has membrane receptors that bind to one specific ligand
        
        all lymphocytes that are specific for a ligand for a group known as a clone
        
        clones with identical receptor react to a specific pathogen
        
        at birth each clone is represented by only a few lymphocytes (naïve lymphocytes)
        
        exposure to an antigen activates the clone and stimulates division (clonal expansion)
      - B Lymphocytes
        
        develop in bone marrow
        
        antibody immunity defending against extracellular pathogens
        
        mature B cells insert antibody molecules into their cell membranes
        
        antibodies become surface receptors marketing the members of each clone
        
        when a clone responds to an antigen some effector cells differentiate into plasma cells
        
        synthesize and secrete antibodies
        
        a few memory cells reman
        
        waiting to respond to an antigen
      - T Lymphocytes
        
        develop in thymus gland
        
        cell mediated immunity defending against intracellular pathogens
        
        insert T cell receptors into their cell membranes
        
        T cells bind to cells that display foreign antigen fragments as part of major histocompatibility complex
        
        sub types
        
        cytotoxic t cells (Tc) - induce apoptosis
        
        helper T cells (Th) secrete cytokines
        
        natural killer (NK) cells
    - - occurs when body is exposed to a pathogen and produces its own anti bodies
      - can occur naturally when a pathogen invades the body
      - artificially when given vaccinations containing dead or disabled pathogens
        
        pathogen not harmful to individual but will be recognized by the immune system
        
        initiates formation of memory cells with specific antibody to particular pathogen antigen
        
        should induce stronger and more rapid secondary immune response upon infection
    - - acquired antibodies made by another person or animal
        
        transfer from mother to fetus across placenta
        
        injections of antibody-rich blood plasma
  - - - igG (75%)
      - igA
      - igE
      - igD
      - each has different functions and sites
- - - - visible on extracellular surface
- - - - rapid reaction to acute stress
    - - chronic or repetitive stress