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Protein Synthesis (Key Terms (Genetic Code (Universal code of three…
Protein Synthesis
Key Terms
Genetic Code
Universal code of three-base codons that encodes the genetic instructions for the amino acid sequence of proteins
Codon
Group of three nitrogen bases in nucleic acids that makes up a code “word” of the genetic code and stands for an amino acid, start, or stop
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The parts of a nucleotide are phosphate, the sugar, is the nitrogenous base
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The enzyme that separates the two strands in a DNA molecule previous to it copying itself is DNA helicase
The enzyme that aids in attaching complementary nucleotides to an open strand of DNA is DNA polymerase
RNA is made up of nucleotides with the following parts is a phosphate, a ribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base
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Types of RNA
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Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Type of RNA that copies genetic instructions from DNA in the nucleus and carries them to ribosomes in the cytoplasm
The Genetic Code
DNA is made up of four different nitrogen bases: adenosine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G)
These bases make up the genetic code. All living things have the same genetic code. Groups of three of these bases form a codon that stands for an amino acid or codes for a start or stop signal
During protein synthesis, the protein is built up one amino acid at a time. DNA contains the information that determines which amino acid comes next
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Processing mRNA
These modifications include splicing, which removes introns from the pre-mRNA with spliceosomes
The finished, mature mRNA then proceeds to translation
Before the pre-mRNA (also known as the hnRNA) strand can exit the nucleus, it must be modied
Role of RNA
DNA always stays in the nucleus, yet the actual process of protein synthesis occurs in the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Instructions coding for a specific protein from the DNA are transferred to the ribosomes in the form of RNA, a small molecule that can leave the nucleus.
The codons in RNA are complementary to the codons in DNA, so the thymine (T) in DNA is replaced with uracil (U) in RNA
Reading the Genetic Code
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Stop codon UAG, UGA, and UAA
Translation
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mRNA can be thought of as a guide or organizer, while the tRNA are the workers with the materials. tRNA carries anticodon complementary to the codon on mRNA. Whenever the anticodon on tRNA binds to the codon on mRNA, tRNA gives up its amino acid. The ribosome continues to build the protein until it reaches a stop codon
Common Misconception
After transcription and before RNA processing, mRNA is called the pre-mRNA. This might be mislead you to think that RNA processing turns this pre-mRNA into mRNA. However, even before RNA processing, pre-mRNA is still a messenger RNA
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Big Picture
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are the molecules that provide genetic directions to the cells of all organisms. Almost all organisms use DNA as their principle genetic material with the exception of certain RNA viruses. DNA contains instructions for making proteins, which determine the structure and function of the cells. RNA carries that information from DNA to the ribosomes where proteins are made. Transcription is the process of transferring genetic information from DNA to RNA, and translation is the process of using the information from RNA to create proteins
Protein Synthesis
The genetic instructions in DNA is carried by RNA to the ribosomes where the proteins are made. The relationship DNA - RNA - protein is known as the central dogma of molecular biology