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Nonvascular Plants (Characteristics of Nonvascular Plants (Life cycle…
Nonvascular Plants
Characteristics of Nonvascular Plants
Embryophytes
Multicellular sporangia and gametangia
No vascular tissue/seeds
Composed of parenchyma
Terrestrial
Small bodies
Life cycle
Large gametophytes
Photosynthetic
Perennial
Haploid phase
Small sporophytes
Not independent of gametophyte
No branches/leaves
Development of Embryophytes
Three divisions
Vascular cryptogams
Vascular tissue only
Spermatophytes
Vascular tissue/seeds
Nonvascular plants
No vascular tissue/seeds
New modifications
Water conservation methods
Conservation mechanisms for mosses
Low surface-to-volume ratio
Compact body
Cuticle
Division Bryophyta: Mosses
Gametophyte Generation
Gametophores
The leafy stems
Water Transport
Primarily in Polytrichaceae
Hydroids
Innermost cortex
Conduct water/dissolved minerals
Leptoids
Resemble sieve cells
Interconnections with adjacent cells
Method for most
Capillary action
Stem exterior
By leaves and stems
Development and Reproduction
Growth
Spore germinates
Sends out chlorophyllous cell
Forms Protonema
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Reproduction
Gametangia
Antheridia
Microgametangia
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Archegonia
Megagametangia
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Occurrences
In leaves along stem
Stem tip
Morphology
Grow from apical meristem
Prominent apical cell
Growth from distinct
apical cell
Leaves
Three rows
Midrib
One cell thick
Exception: midrib and margin
Unistratose
Cuticle on upper surface
Stems
Tissue called cortex
Little tissue differentiation
Inner cells larger
Parenchymatous and chlorophyllous
Rhizoids
Anchor stem
Sporophyte Generation
Sporophytes
Not independent
Development
Begins in archegonium
Transverse division of zygote
Basal cell develops into foot
Cell division
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Morphology
Simple structure
Capsule
Apical sporangium
Peristome teeth
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Calyptra
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Operculum
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Columella
Columella in both sporangium
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Seta
Narrow stalk
Between capsule and foot
Foot
Small, bulbous tissue
Transfer cells
Interface with gametophore
Absorbs minerals/water from it
Metabolism and Ecology
Inability to retain water
Due to thin cuticle
Mechanisms to compensate
Tolerant of desiccation
Drying does no damage
30% water weight
Remain dormant if dry
Resistant to UV light
Grow in moist environments
Cloud forests
Spray zones
Rain forests
Moss ecology
Low temperatures
Abundant sunlight
No competition
Moisture from snow/rain
Grow on extreme surfaces
Hard, impervious surfaces
Bare rock
Brick or mortar
Bark
Edge of lakes/ponds
Division Anthocerotophyta: Hornworts
Gametophyta generation
Morphology
Parenchymatous
Succulent but brittle
Not tolerant of drying
Winter annuals
Body structure
Heart shaped
Disk shaped
Ribbon shaped
Thin and smooth
Most thin along edges
Center 4-5 cells thick
Smooth upper surface
Some have thin lamellae
Numerous internal chambers
Mucilage chambers form
Invaded by
Nostoc
Symbiotic relationship
Reproduction
Gametangia
Antheridia
Development
Mucilage chamber forms
Cells grow into antheridia
Outer cell layer sterile
Develop chromoplasts
Archegonia
Same structure as moss
Egg surrounded by thallus cells
Sporophyte generation
Sporophytes
Morphology
Dependent on gametophore
Basal meristem
Continual meiosis
Pushes new cells upward
Sporangium
Mature at tip
Dihiscence along two apertures
Outer cell layer
Sterile and chlorophyllous
Stomata
In
Anthoceros
and
Phaeoceros
Columella and pseudoelaters
Spores
Green, golden yellow, brown, black
Foot
Embedded in gametophore
Unique characteristics
Habitat
Moist, eroded soil
Shaded areas
Rare places
Tree trunks
Bare rock
Structure and anatomy
No oil bodies
Single large chloroplast / cell
Have a pyrenoid
Horn-shaped sporangium
Division Hepatophyta: Liverworts
Gametophyte generation
Hepatic gametophytes
Two groups
Leafy liverworts
Greatly resemble moss
Leafy stems
Stems
Tissue is parenchyma
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Growth from apical cell
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Cells with oil bodies
Leaves
Two rounded loves
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Three rows
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Thallose liverworts
Superficially similar to each other
Thallus
No roots, stems, leaves
Body
Flat, ribbon like
Bilaterally symmetrical
Stratified and thick
Cells
Contain large oil drops
Arranged as aerenchyma
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Reproduction
Leafy liverworts gametangia
Mixed with regular leaves
Positioned on specialized branches
Thallose liverworts
Both antheridia and archegonia
Surrounded by chlorophyllous cells
Marchantia
Male gametophores
Antheridiophore
Female gametophores
Archegoniophores
Sporophyte generation
Sporophytes
Similar to moss sporophytes
Morphology
Seta
Extremely delicate
Clear, thinned-walled cells
Not in some liverworts
Sporangium
No columella
Outer layer
Sterile cells
One cell thick
Globose
No operculum or peristome teeth
Dehiscence by four slits
Elater cells
Both assist in releasing spores
Push spores out
Foot
At bottom of archegonium
Classification of Nonvascular Plants
Three divisions
Bryophyta
Mosses
Previously Musci
Anthocerotophtyta
Hornworts
Previously Anthocerotae
Hepatophyta
Liverworts
Previously Hepaticae
