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An elderly male patient with stomach cancer recently had a feeding tube…

- - - - esophagus
        
        stomach
        
        small intestine
        
        large intestine
        
        anus
        
        copious mucus produced by goblet cells eases passage of feces through colon
        
        digestive enzymes delivered from pancreas and brush border enzymes attached to microvilli membranes complete digestion of all classes of food
        
        Its length and other modifications provide huge surface area for nutrient absorption
        
        hydrochioric acid produced is bacteriostatic agent and activates protein digesting enzyme
        
        mucus produced helps to lubricate food passageway
  - - - plates of hepatocytes (liver cells) that filter and process nutrient-rich blood
        
        Bile salts: cholesterol derivatives; function in fat emulsification and absorption
        
        Bilirubin: pigment formed from heme; broken down by bacteria in intestine to stercobilin that gives brown color of feces
        
        triglycerides
        
        Enterohepatic circulation: recycling mechanism that conserves bile salts
        
        phospholipids
        
        Cholesterol
        
        electrolytes
  - - - Gallbladder is a thin-walled muscular sac on ventral surface of liver
        
        Contains many honeycomb folds that allow it to expand as it fills
        
        Muscular contractions release bile via cystic duct, which flows into bile duct
  - - - bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
        
        Exocrine function: secrete pancreatic juice via duct
        
        Acini: clusters of secretory cells that produce zymogen granules containing proenzymes (inactive digestive enzymes)
  - - - conditioned reflex triggered by aroma, taste, sight, thought
      - Act via the vagus nerve to stimulate gastric glands, getting the stomach ready
      - Inhibited by loss of appetite and depression
  - - - Stimulated by distension, peptides, and low acidity
        
        Distension activates stretch receptors, initiating both long and short reflexes
        
        Chemical stimuli, such as partially digested proteins, caffeine, and low acidity, activate enteroendocrine G cells to secrete gastrin
- - - - pancreas
        
        liver
        
        gallbladder
- - - - amino acid monomers
        
        pepsin
- - - - Obstructive jaundice: blockage can cause bile salts and pigments to build up in blood, resulting in jaundiced (yellow) skin
        
        Jaundice can also be caused by liver failure
        
        Gallstone treatment: crystal-dissolving drugs, ultrasound vibrations (lithotripsy), laser vaporization, or surgery
- - - - Vitamin B12 binds with intrinsic factor and is absorbed by endocytosis
        
        vitamin K and B vitamins from bacterial metabolism are absorbed