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Ecology (Chapter 53- Population Ecology (53.6 The human population is no…
Ecology
Chapter 53- Population Ecology
Population Ecology
- how biotic + abiotic factors influence density, distribution, size and age of populations
Population Dynamics
- complex interactions between biotic + abiotic factors cause VARIATION
53.1 Biological process influence population density, dispersion, and demographics
Populations
= interbreeding individuals/ SAME species + area
Density
=individuals per unit area
Dispersion
= SPACING among individuals
Demographics=
statistics of a population + how they CHANGE over time
Survivorship curve= plot of proportion
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Types of Dispersion patterns
clumped= individuals are closely together
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Uniform= evenly spaced
Random= unpredictably spaced out/ far apart
Immigration= going IN new place
Emigration= OUT of population
53.2 The exponential model describes population growth in a perfect world
Population size = (births + immigrants) - (death + emigrants)
Population growth = rate of change of population over a specific period
r=0 constant
r<0 decreasing population
r>0 increasing population
Exponential growth= pattern of growth
typically these are CONSTANTLY increasing!
has a J-shaped
53.3 The logistic model describes how a population grows more slowly as it nears its carry capacity
exponential population growth + per capita rate of population as N increases
carry capacity= K = maximum population size
K-N= added individuals
N= Population size
(K-N)/K = available population
53.4 Life history traits are products of natural selection
Semelparous= organisms that undergo a one-shot pattern of big-bang reproduction
Iteropariot= organisms undergo repeated reproduction
ex. humans?? reproducing multiple times
ex. salmon produces 1000+ eggs
K-selection=-more competetive populations?? higher population density
ex. mature leaves in an old growth forest
R-selection= maximizing reproductive success in uncrowded environments
ex. weeds growing in an abandoned agricultural field
53.5 Density-dependent factors regulate population growth
Density-dependent= a death rate
Competition= competing for food
Disease= sickness can spread causing deaths
3.Territories=competing for habitats
like now! with the coronavirus
Predation
increases through negative feedback
Density-Independent= birth/death rate does NOT change w/ population density
Metrapopulation=group of population by immigration +emigration
53.6 The human population is no longer growing exponentially but is still increasing rapidly
Demographic transition= movement from high birth/death rates from low birth/death rates
0 population growth= high birth rate- high death rate
Age structure= individuals of each age
graphed in pyramids
population is expected to grow slow through 2050
Infant mortality= number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births
Life expectancy- predicted life at birth
Constraints= food, fuel, resources(clothes + transportation)
ecological footprint= land + water needed
Chapter 52- An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
52.1 Earth's climate varies by latitude and season and is changing rapidly
Climate- weather conditions (long-term)
Precipitation
Forests
Sunlight
Deserts
Temperature
Tropical
Wind
The 4 factors- caused by the sun)
Regional and Local Effects
Seasons
caused by earth's tilted axis of rotation
Bodies of water
ocean currents influence climate
Ex. misty/ cool in California
Mountains
influence airflow/ wind
ex deserts
affect sunlight/temperature/rainflow
Microclimate-
local patterns
temperature, light, water, nutrients, abiotic , and biotic
Climate change
- directional change to global climate that lasts 3 decades
Weather= short term conditions
ex. rain, wind
The earth's tilt causes seasons based on locations
ex. north pole tilted towards the sun = summer
tiled at 23.5 degrees
Latitude= distance from the equator going from North or South
Longitude= distance around the glove (East or West)
Cool air sinks = high pressure
Rising air= low pressure
creates precipitation
52.2 The structure and distribution of terrestrial biomes are controlled by climate and disturbance
Features of Terrestrial biomes
physical
biotic= living organisms
abiotic= nonliving
biotic + abiotic influence disturbance
disturbance= events that change a community by removing it or altering resources
ex. storms can create new openings for new species
climate
ex. climate is more moderate in temperate grasslands
vegetation
canopy=the different layers from top to bottom
provides different habitats
differs in location
52.3 Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth
Pelagic zone = photic and alphotic
Photic zone (most light for photosynthesis)
Aphotic zone (little light)
Abyssal zone= 2,000--6,000m below surface
Benethic zone= the bottom of the aquatic zones
consists of Benthos (communities)
Detritus ( food source)
termocline= layer of abrupt temperature change
52.4 Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species
Biotic + Abiotic influence
species distribution
"Ecological time" - minute-to minute time frame
"Evolutionary time"- many generations capture adaptation aka Natural Selection
ex. Galapagos finches in a drought
larger beaks
evolutionary change
Dispersal
- movement of individuals/gametes AWAY from area of origin
Distribution
Behavior
Biotic factors
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if it is a limit, it is cos of habitat selection
if it is a limit, it is cos area is inaccessible
Ecology
= study of INTERACTIONS between organisms and environment
Chapter 51 - Animal Behavior
51.2 Learning establishes specific links between experience and behavior
Innate behavior = fixed
ex. breathing
Learning=
modification of behavior
Imprinting =
behavioral response
Sensitive period
=phase when certain behaviors can be learned
ex. kid talking/learning words
learn during critical period only
maturing
51.1 Descrete sensory inputs can stimulate both simple and complex behavior
Niko Tinbergen identified 4 questions
Behavioral ecology
= study of the ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior
Proximine causation = "how"
Ultimate causation = "why"
Behavioral Rhythms
Cirannual rhythm
= changing seasons (migration/reproduction)
Migration= change in location
How = Animals orient themselves
Why=trigger movement to enviornment with favorable condition
Signal
= behavior that causes a CHANGE in another behavior
Comminication
= transmission + reception of signals
Pheromones
= odors emit chemical substances
Circadian Rhythm
= day/night
Lunar Cycles
Supernormal stimulus
= attacking cos of aggregative characteristcs
ex. a red object=aggresive
51.3 Selection for individual survival and reproductive success can explain diverse behaviors
Natural Selection
Forging
= food-obtaining behavior
Optimal Foraging Model
= Compromise between benefis of nutrition and costs of obtaining food
Sexual Dimorphism=
2 sexes look very different from one another
INTRAsexual = Competiton for mates
Male competition
Polygamous=
1 sex mating with several of the opposite sex
Game theory
= alternative strategy where outcome depends on individuals
ex. different colored throats, but choosing a mate w a specific throat color cos of behavior
INTERsexual= members one sex choosing mates on certain traits
Female choice
ex. female fly chooses male w/ long eye stalk
getting the MOST food w/o dying
lots of risk
favors behavior that enhances survival + reproduction
51.4 Genetic analyses and concept of inclusive fitness provide a basis for studing the evolution of behavior
Altrustic
behavior= selfl-LESS
ex. mole rates sacrafice their lives to protect king queen
Reduce indiivdual fitness but INCREASE fitness of others
Inclusive Fitness
= total effect individual has on prlilferating its genes by producing offspring
Kin (family) sleection
= enhancing reproductive success of relatives
passing ont the family tree