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Chapter 14 (Mendel (character (trait (True-breeding (Hybridization (P…
Chapter 14
Mendel
Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity by breeding garden peas in carefully planned experiments.
character
A heritable feature that varies among individuals, such as flower color, called a character.
trait
Each variant for a character, such purple or white color flowers, is called trait.
True-breeding
over many generations of self-pollination, these plants had produced only the same variety as the parent plan.
Hybridization
This mating, or crossing, of two-breeding varieties is called Hybridization.
P generation
The true-breeding parents are referred to as P generation (parental generation), and their offsprings are the F generation(first filial generation, the word from the latin word for "son."
F2 generation
Allowing F1 hybrids to self-pollinate (or cross-pollination with each F1 hybrids) produces an F2 generation (second filial generation).
Alleles
The gene for flower color in pea plants, for example, exists in two versions, one for purple flowers and the other white flowers. These alternative versions of a gene is called alleles.
dominant allele
Determines the organism's appearance the other, the recessive allele, has no noticeable effect on the organism's appearance.
Law of segregation
States that the two alleles for a heritable character segregate (separate from each other) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes.
Punnett square
a handy diagrammatic device for predicting the allele composition of offspring from a cross between individuals of known genetic makeup.
Homozygote
An organism that has a pair of identical alleles for gene encoding a character is called homozygote and said to be homozygous for that gene.
Heterozygote
An organism that has two different alleles for a gene is called heterozygotes and is said to be heterozygous for that gene.
Phenotype and genotype
Distinguishing between an organism's appearance or observable traits, called its phenotype, and its genetic makeup, its genotype.
Monohybrids
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Multiplication rule
States that to determines the probability. Multiply the probability of the other event ( the other coin coming up heads).
Addition Rule
The probability that any one of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding their individual probabilities.
Multifactorial
many factors, both genetic and environmental, collectively influence phenotype.
complete dominance
The F1 offspring alway looked like one of the two parental varieties because one allele in a pair showed complete dominance over the other.
incomplete dominance
some genes, however, neither allele is completely dominant, and the F1 hybrids have a phenotype somewhere between the two parental varieties. The phenomenon, called incomplete dominance.
Codominance
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Tay-Sachs disease
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Pleiotropy
Most genes, however, have multiple phenotypic effects, a property called pleiotropy.
Epistasis
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Quantitive characters
Many characters, such as human skin color and height, are not one of two discrete characters, but instead vary in the population in gradation along a continuum. These are called quantitive characters.
Polygenic inheritance
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Pedigree
They do so by collecting information about a family's history for a particular trait and assembling this information into a family tree describing the traits of parents and children across the generations--a family pedigree.
Carriers
Although phenotypically normal with regard to the disorder, heterozygotes may transmit the recessive allele to their offspring and thus are called carriers.
Cystic fibrosis
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Sickle-cell disease
Common inherited disorder among people of African descent, which affects one out of 400 African-American.
Huntington's Disease
A degenerative disease of the nervous system, called huntington's disease, caused by a lethal dominant allele that has no obvious phenotypic effect until the individual is about 35 to 45 years old.
amniocentesis
One of the tests that can be done to determine whether the developing fetus has Tay-sachs disease is amniocentesis.
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