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THE MODERN AGE (cultural context) (It was characterised by a loss of…
THE MODERN AGE (cultural context)
It was characterised by a loss of certainties
JUNG
He introduces the concept of collective unconscious
a sort of cultural memory containing the universal myths and beliefs of the human race, which operates on a symbolic level
only the psychologist or the poet can undesrtand these symbols and expalin them
FREUD
he distinguish between
Ego
that tries to mantain the order between ID and Super-ego
in fact there's a deep conflict between them
ID
the set of instinctual impulses and looks for pleasure
Super-ego
the part that has been shaped by the cultural moral
MAN UNDERSTAND THERE IS A PART IN ALL OF US THAT ISN'T UNDER OUR CONTROL
EINSTEIN
he introduces the concept of relativity
is not the time that passes, but ourselves that transform
we all depend from the absence or the presence of gravitation
we will remain young in absence of gravitation and get old in presence of it
ANTROPOLOGY
that is to say the study of social groups
every group develops its own culture
a cultrure is worth no less than another one.
until then British really thought the only developed and civilized culture was the western one. The natives and other lands were considered inferior
DARWIN
his studies really changed many things in the field of religion
God is no longer near man. He is distant
all that happens is the product of the cruel laws of nature
only who will be able to adapt, wil survive, the others will die
BERGSON
he distinguish between
historical time
is external and misured in terms of the spatial distance travelled by a pendolum
psychological time
is subjective and measured by the relative emotional intensity of a moment
is compared to a snowball that becomes bigger and bigger during our life because all the emotions and the moments we live are impressed in our mind and become a part of the snowball
THE MODERN NOVEL
it represented the middle class in its problems
ther's is a great interest in the narration of characters' mind
in order to do this, the author used two techniques
the stream of conssciousness
the interior monologue
direct monologue
indirect monologue
this character is not a hero who represent the moral values of his time, but just a simple character, whose moral progress is inferior to the advances in technology of his time
it was different than the previous way of narration because times was changing
novelists found themselves in a condition of uncertainty because they didn't know the new tastes of the readers
so authors became the mediators between the certain values of the past and the uncertainties of the contemporary age; they also tried new techniques
for example they rejected the omniscient narration because there isn't a single point of view but multiple perspectives
the time is seen in different ways
now it's internal and subjective
so the "inner time" it's preferred to the "external time"
and the plot isn't anymore well-structured with a chronological sequence of events
the most important authors were divided in
psychological novelists
Conrad
Lawrence
Forster
experimental writers
Virginia Woolf
James Joyce
other authors
Huxley
Orwell
BENTHAM
alll our actions derived from our goal of avoiding pain and suffering and getting pleasure
our happinesss is based on a materialistic reality
all insitutions had not to interfere in the economic system
they have just to take care of of the material happiness of the greatest number of people without any ecnomic intervent
on the principles of laissez-faire and self-help
MILL
his theory is based on the utilitarianism
the greatest happiness for the greatest number
legislation should have a positive function to help man develop his personality and skills
the state must have an active role in the economic life of its citizens
WILLIAM JAMES
he created the method of the "stream of consciousness"
the conscious experience of an individual is like a continuous, flowing series of images and of ideas running through the mind
this method was udes also in literature