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Stomach Cancer (GI Tract (Stomach (Empty (Mucosa (Folds (Rugae)), 50ml),…

- - - - Roof of mouth
        
        Hard palate
        
        Palatine bones
        
        Palatine process of maxillae
        
        Soft palate
        
        Skeletal muscle
        
        Closes nasopharynx
        
        Uvula
    - - Interlacing bundles
        
        Skeletal muscle
      - Gripping
      - Reposition of food
        
        Bolus
      - Mixing
      - Filiform papillae
        
        Tongues roughness
        
        Friction
        
        No taste buds
    - - saliva
        
        cleanse mouth
        
        dissolves food
        
        moistens food
        
        break down of starch
        
        amylase
        
        enzyme
        
        lysozyme, IgA antibodies, defensins
        
        protect against microorganism
        
        97-99.5% water
      - minor (intrinsic) salivary gland
        
        buccal glands
        
        throughout oral cavity
        
        keeps mouth moist
      - minor (intrinsic) salivary gland
        
        outside oral cavity
        
        submandibular
        
        parotid
        
        sublingual
      - secretory cells
        
        mucous cells
        
        mucus
        
        lubricates oral cavity, hydrates foodstuff
        
        serous cells
        
        water secretion, enzymes, ions, bit of mucin
    - - sockets in gums
      - mastication
        
        chewing
      - primary detition
        
        20 deciduous teeth
        
        baby teeth
      - 32 permanent teeth
      - canines
        
        fanglike teeth that tear or pierce
      - premolars
        
        broad crowns used to grind or crush
        
        bicuspids
      - incisors
        
        chisel shaped for cutting
      - molars
      - two major regions
        
        crown
        
        exposed part above
        
        gingiva (gum)
        
        covered by enamel
        
        hardest substance
        
        mineralized with calcium salts and hydroxyapatite
        
        root
        
        embedded in jawbone
      - cement
        
        calcified connective tissue
        
        covers root
      - periodontal ligament
        
        forms fibrous joint
        
        gomphosis
        
        anchor tooth
        
        bony socket (alveolus)
      - dentin
        
        bonelike material under enamel
        
        shock absorber
      - pulp cavity
        
        surrounded by dentin
        
        contains blood vessels and nerves
      - root canal
        
        extension of pulp cavity into root
  - - - Laryngopharynx
    - - Fluid
        
        Air
    - - Mucus producing glands
    - - Inner layer
        
        Longitudinal
      - Outer pharyngeal constrictor
        
        Circles wall of pharynx
  - - - Cardinal orifice
    - - Surrounds orifice
        
        Keeps closed when no food
    - - Stratified squamous epithelium
    - - Esophageal glands
        
        Secrete mucous
        
        Aid in food passage
    - - Skeletal, mixed, smooth
    - - swallowing
      - 22 muscle groups + two phases
        
        buccal phase
        
        voluntary contraction of tongue
        
        pushes food bolus into oropharynx
        
        pharyngeal esophageal phase
        
        involuntary phase
        
        triggers cough reflex
  - - - Protein digestion
    - - 50ml
      - Mucosa
        
        Folds
        
        Rugae
    - - 4L
    - - Surrounds cardinal orifice
      - Cardia
    - - Dome shaped region beneath diaphragm
    - - Midportion
    - - Terminated in pylorus
        
        pyloric valve
        
        sphincter controlling stomach emptying
    - - Convex lateral surface
    - - Concave medial surface
      - Mesenteries
        
        Tether stomach to other digestive organs
        
        Lesser omentum
        
        Lesser curvature to liver
        
        Greater omentum
        
        Drapes
        
        Greater curvature over spleen, intestine, transverse colon
        
        Mesocolon
        
        Large intestines to abdominal wall
        
        Fat deposits
        
        Lymph nodes
    - - simple columnar epithelium
        
        mucous cells
        
        alkaline moucos
        
        traps bicarbonate rich fluid layer
        
        gastric pits
        
        gastric glands
        
        produce gastric juice
        
        parietal cells
        
        HCL: hydrochloric acid
        
        ph: 1.5-3.5
        
        denatures proteins
        
        activates pepsin
        
        breaks down plant cell wall
        
        kills bacteria
        
        intrinsic factor
        
        absorption of B12
        
        1 more item...
        
        chiefs cells
        
        secrete pepsinogen
        
        inactive enzymes
        
        activated by pepsin
        
        2 more items...
        
        Enteroendocrine cells
        
        secrete chemical messengers
        
        paracrine
        
        1 more item...
        
        hormones
        
        1 more item...
    - - extra third layer
        
        oblique layer
        
        smooth muscle
    - - protects stomach
        
        thick layer of bicarbonate rich mucus
        
        tight juctions
        
        divison of stem cells
        
        every 3-6 days
    - - chyme
  - - - digestion
        
        Intestinal crypts
        
        Tubular glands between villi
        
        Enterocytes
        
        Bulk of epithelium
        
        Villi: absorbs nutrients and electrolytes
        
        Crypts: produce intestinal juice
        
        Goblet cells
        
        Mucus secreting cells
        
        Enteroendocrine cells
        
        Source of enterogastrones
        
        CCK and secretin
        
        Paneth cells
        
        Secrete antimicrobial agaents
        
        Defensins and lysozymes
      - absoprton
        
        length
        
        huge surface area
        
        circular folds
        
        permanent folds
        
        force chyme slowly through lumen
        
        villi
        
        fingerlike projections of mucosa
        
        capillary beds and lymphatic capillaries
        
        lacteals
        
        microvilli
        
        cytoplasmic extensions of mucosal cells
        
        fuzzy appearance
        
        Brush border
        
        brush border enzymes
        
        final digestion
        
        3 more items...
      - 7-13 ft
      - Modifications of mucosa/ submucosa
    - - joins large intestines
    - - 8ft
    - - 12ft
    - - 10ft
    - - Associated lymphoid tissue
        
        MALT
        
        Protects against microorganisms
        
        Peyers patches
        
        Aggregated lymphoid nodules
        
        Mucosa of ileum
        
        Extends into sub mucosa
    - - Areolar tissue
      - Duodenal glands
        
        Alkaline mucus
        
        Neutralize acidic chyme
  - - - three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in muscularis
    - - pocket like sacs caused by tone of teniae coli
    - - first part of large intestine
    - - masses of lymphoid tissue
        
        part of MALT of immune system
      - bacterial storehouse
        
        recolonize gut
      - twisted shape
        
        susceptible to blockage
    - - several regions
      - ascending colon
        
        up right side
      - transverse colon
        
        across
      - descending colon
        
        down left
      - sigmoid colon
        
        s-shaped portion
        
        travel through pelvis
      - retroperitoneal
    - - three rectal valves
        
        stops feces from being passed with gas (flatus)
    - - last segment
      - opens to anus
      - two sphincters
        
        external sphincter
        
        skeletal muscle
        
        internal sphincter
        
        smooth muscle
      - superficial venous plexus
        
        if inflamed
        
        hemorrhoids
      - stratified squamous epithelium
        
        withstands abrasion
    - - mucus producing goblet cells
    - - slow, powerful peristaltic waves
      - gastrocolic reflex
        
        presence of food in stomach
      - descending colon, sigmoid colon: storage reservoir
    - - initiated by mass movements
      - forces feces toward rectum
- - - - Supplements
  - - - Aid in food passage
    - - PH: 1.5-3.5
      - Denatures proteins
      - Activates pepsin
        
        Enzymatic digestion of proteins
      - Breaks down plant cells
      - Kills bacteria
- - - - in mouth
        
        salivary amylase
      - oligosaccharides + disaccharides
        
        sucrose
        
        maltose
        
        lactose
        
        monosaccharides
        
        fructose
        
        galactose
        
        glucose
      - in intestine
        
        brush border enzymes
        
        pancreatic amylase
  - - - transported actively along small intestine
      - amount in intestine is amount absorbed
      - iron + calcium are exceptions
        
        absorbed relative to need
        
        iron
        
        stored in mucosal cells
        
        ferritin
        
        protein
        
        transported in blood when needed
        
        transferrin
        
        plasma protein
        
        calcium Ca2+
        
        absorption regulated by vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH)
        
        PTH
        
        stimulates activation of vitamin D
        
        promotes calcium reabsorption
    - - 9L
      - most from GI tract secretions
        
        enter small intestines
      - 95% absorbed in small intestines
        
        rest absorbed in large intestine
      - water uptake via
        
        osmosis
        
        coupled with solute uptake
    - - fat soluble vitamins: A, D, E, K
        
        carried by micelles
        
        absorbed by diffusion
      - water soluble vitamins: C, B
        
        absorbed by passive or active transport
      - B12 binds with intrinsic factor
        
        absorbed by endocytosis
      - large intestine
        
        vitamins K, B
        
        absorbed from bacterial metabolism
  - - - triglycerides and breakdown products are insoluble in water
      - need pre-treatment
        
        bile salts
        
        breakdown large fat globules into smaller ones
    - - pancreatic lipases
        
        break down fat
        
        free fatty acids + monoglycerides
        
        triglecerides
    - - products from digestion coated with bile salt
      - without
        
        lipids would float on surface of chyme (oil on water)
    - - lipids leave micelles
      - cross epithelial membrane
    - - enter lymphatic lacteals
        
        venous blood
  - - - contain DNA and RNA
    - - break nucleotides down not free nitrogenous bases, pentose sugar, and phosphate ions
    - - hydrolyze nucleic acid
        
        nucleotide monomers
  - - - dipeptides + tripeptides
    - - pH 1.5-2.5
      - inactive in high pH
    - - cleave protien into smaller peptides
    - - break oligopeptides and dipeptides into amino acids
- - - - Salivary glands
- - - - Stomach
        
        Lack of chyme
        
        Liver, Pancreas, Gallbladder not able to participate
        
        Intrinsic factor
      - Esophagus
      - Duodenum
- - - - water added to break down chemical bonds