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Nonvascular Plants: Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts (division…

- - - - nor seeds
    - - vascular cryptogams
    - - spermatophytes
  - - - tolerance to lack of water
    - - plant dies and releases spores
      - spores stress tolerant
    - - organism retains water
      - finds permanent source of water
- - - - division anthocerotophyta
      - division hepatophyta
      - division bryophyta
    - - division bryophyta
        
        class musci
        
        class hepaticae
        
        class anthocerotae
- - - - occur in all parts of world
      - are perennial
      - can thrive in cities
    - - gametophores
        
        are leafy stems
      - many mosses tightly appressed
      - cool wet areas
        
        moss more spread out
      - scouleria gametophorse grow as ribbons
      - all moss stems have leaves
        
        are part of gametophytes
        
        not a sporophyte
        
        are not homologous with vascular plants
      - most mosses
        
        have cuticle on only upper surface
        
        can absorb water directly
        
        have little protective against desiccation
    - - some mosses have cortex compsed of hdroids
      - species that have hudroids have leptoids
      - leptoids cells
        
        resemble sieve tubes
        
        are elongated
        
        lack nuclei at maturity
      - most mosses lack hydroids and leptoids
        
        water is conducted along exterior of stem
        
        leaves and steams act like capillary channels
      - hydroids conduct water and nutrients
      - rhizoids at base of stem
        
        small, multicellular trichome like structures
        
        penetrate surface of substrate
        
        lack chloroplast
        
        don't absorb water or minerals
    - - growth begins when spore germinates
      - chlorophyllous cell undergoes mitosis
      - chlorophyllous cell creates branched cell system
      - branched system is a protonema
      - protonema eventual forms apical cell
        
        gives rise to the gametophore
      - protonema are perennial
    - - gametophore produce gametangia
      - all mosses are oogamous
        
        have small biflagellate sperm
        
        have large nonmotile egg cells
      - sperm produce in antheridia
      - eggs made in archegonia
  - - - little protection to embryonic sporophytes
      - little nourishment to embryonic sporophytes
    - - basal cell develops into bulbous tissue
      - bulbous tissue call a foot
    - - is the interface for gametophorse
      - upper cells form the capsule
        
        capsule is sporangium
      - seta
        
        narrow stalk between foot and capsule
    - - the apex of the sporangium
      - apex covered with calyptra
    - - open when are is dry
      - close when air is moist
  - - - lack of conducting tissue
      - small size
    - - highly resistant to temperature fluctuation
      - turgid primarily during winter
      - dry and inactive during autumn
      - resistant to UV light
    - - stem and leaves become desiccated
    - - dry out quick
      - grow in permanently moist areas
      - re-hydrate quickly
    - - help establish other species
      - break down rocks with acid
      - trap dust, creating soil
- - - - leafy liverworts
        
        order jungermanniales
        
        order haplomitriales
      - thallose liverworts
        
        no much resemblance to moss
        
        body is called thallus
        
        have air pores
        
        not stomata, have no guard cells
    - - have two rounded lobes
      - no midrib
      - no conducting tissue
      - arranged in three defined rows
    - - order marchantiales
        
        concephalum
        
        marchantia
        
        reboulia
        
        riccia
        
        ricciocarpus
      - order sphaerocarples
        
        riella
        
        sphaerocarpos
      - order monoceales
        
        monoclea
      - order metzgeriales
        
        fossombronia
        
        pallavicinia
        
        pellia
      - order jungermanniales
        
        cephaloxiella
        
        frullania
        
        jungermannia
        
        porella
      - order halomitiales
        
        haplomitrium
    - - bisexual producing both antheridia and archegonia
      - unisexual depending on other species
  - - - some cell don't undergo mitosis
      - instead, differentiate into elaters
      - elaters
        
        sing elongate cells
        
        have spring shaped walls
      - when sporangim open
        
        elaters uncoil and open the pores
    - - are globose
      - have no stomata
      - are bright green when young
      - are chlorophyllous
- - - - then gametophore phase established
    - - only in center they become thick
    - - live less than one year
      - act as winter annuals
      - grow during winter
      - produce sporophytes in spring
      - dye before summer
  - - - have foot embedded in gametophore tissue
      - have no seta
      - no discrete sporangium
      - have meristem continuously making sproangium tissue
    - - is long horn like cylinder
      - tip is mature and open
      - outer sterile layer of cells is thick
    - - antheroceros
      - phaeoceros
    - - green
      - brown
      - yellow
      - golden
      - black
  - - - anthoceros
      - dendroceros
      - megaceros
      - notothylos
      - phaeoceros