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MUTATION- A change in the sequence of the nucleotides on the DNA (CAUSES…
MUTATION
- A change in the sequence of the nucleotides on the DNA
TYPES OF MUTATIONS:
SUBSITUTION/ MUTATION POINTS
SILENT- codon formed code = amino acids (no change)
MIISSENSE- codon formed code diff. amino acid change in protein function causing conflicts
CHANGE IN PROTEIN FUNCTION CAUSING CONFLICTS
NONSENSE- codon becomes stop codon, Protein does not get finished, has no function
MUTAGEN- cause of mutation
INSERTION/ DELETION- causes Frameshift mutation
FRAMESHIFT- deleted/ inserted nucleotide
TYPES OF MUTATION CELLS:
SOMATIC CELLS- does not pass on to the offspring can cause diseases (cancer)
GERMLINE CELLS- (cells that produce gametes) change gets passed on
GENETIC DISORDER- diseases caused by mutation
CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS:
NON-DISJUNCTION- during meiosis homologous chromosome one gamete = 2 chromosomes copies leaving the other w/out
CHANGE IN CHROMOSOME COMPOSITION- length changes, cause birth defects, translocation changes
CAUSES OF MUTATIONS
Radiation- Uv radiation both natural light and tanning beads
infectious agents; human papillomavirus, sexually transmitted
banzoyl peroxide- common ingredient in foods.
chemicals- cigarette smoke dozens of mutagenic chemicals
some happen randomly as the result of mistakes during DNA replication ex: ATGA-->ATCA
EFFECTS OF MUTATIONS
Harmful: negative effects, genetic disorder or cancer
Beneficial: the new version of the protein helps the organism to adapt to changes in the environment, beneficial mutations are necessary for evolution
Neutral: most mutations don't have a negative effect of positive, many proteins are repaired before protein synthesis.