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STRESS AND HEALTH (FACTORS (SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS (JOB STRESS = Even if a…
STRESS AND HEALTH
FACTORS
COGNITIVE FACTORS
COGNITIVE APPRAISAL = how people think about a stressor determines, at least in part, how stressful that stressor will become
LAZARUS, Richard = Lazarus’s cognitive-mediational theory of emotionsTY
PRIMARY APPRAISAL = involves estimating the severity of a stressor and classifying it as either a threat or a challenge
SECONDARY APPRAISAL = involves estimating the resources available to the person for coping with the stressor
SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS
JOB STRESS = Even if a person has a job and is making an adequate salary, there are stresses associated with the workplace that add to daily stressors.
BURNOUT = can be defined as negative changes in thoughts, emotions, and behavior as a result of prolonged stress or frustration, resulting in both mental and physical exhaustion (Bakker et al., 2014)
POVERTY = lack of sufficient money to provide the basic necessities of life can lead to many stressors for both adults and children
ACCULTURATIVE STRESS = stress resulting from the need to change and adapt a person's ways to the majority culture.
PERSONALITY FACTORS
EXPLANATORY STYLE = optimists tend to look for positive outcomes, whereas pessimists seem to expect the worst
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PERSONALITY TYPES = affect how one assesses a stressor, the coping strategies used, and possible health outcomes
TYPE B PERSONALITY = more easygoing, slower to anger, not as competitive or driven; less likely to have health issues
TYPE C PERSONALITY = tend to be pleasant and at peace but find it difficult to express emotions, especially negative ones; associated with cancer
TYPE A PERSONALITY = workaholic, competitive, ambitious, hate to waste time, easily annoyed; more likely to have health issues (e.g., heart disease), especially the more hostile an individual is
HARD PERSONALITY = hardy personality, appear to be like Type A but less prone to heart disease; appear to thrive on stress due to three factors: sense of commitment, control, and seeing stressors as a challenge
HEALTH
IMMUNE SYSTEM = the system of cells, organs, and chemicals of the body that responds to attacks from diseases, infections and injuries
GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME (GAS) = the three stages of the body's physiological reaction to stress, including alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
SELYE, Hans = Endocrinologist, founder of the field of research concerning stress and its effects on the human body
RESISTANCE = As the stress continues, the body settles into sympathetic division activity, continuing to release the stress hormones that help the body fight off, or resist, the stressor
EXHAUSTION = When the body’s resources are gone, exhaustion occurs
ALARM = When the body first reacts to a stressor, the sympathetic nervous system is activated
STRESS-RELATED DISEASES
CORONARY HEART DISEASE (CHD) = buildup of a waxy substance called plaque in the arteries of the heart
CANCER = collection of diseases that can affect any part of the body, in which cancer cells divide without stopping
NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELL =
immune-system cell responsible for suppressing viruses and destroying tumor cells
DIABETES = body either becomes resistant to the effects of insulin or can no longer secrete enough insulin to maintain normal glucose levels
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COPING
FACTORS
CULTURE = culture is an important factor in the kinds of coping strategies an individual may adopt and even in determining the degree of stress that is experienced
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SOCIAL SUPPORT SYSTEM = the network of family, friends, neighbors, coworkers, and others who can offer support, comfort, or aid to a person in need
STRATEGIES
PROBLEM-FOCUSED COPING = one tries to eliminate the source of a stress or reduce its impact through direct actions
EMOTION- FOCUSED COPING = one changes the impact of a stressor by changing the emotional reaction to the stressor
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