Hardware: Is a general term for the physical components thet make up a computer system. Can be External or Internal

Software: Is a general term for the programs that control the computer system.There are two types of software: Application and System.

Hardware Devices: The Motherboard, Random Acces Memory(RAM), read-only memory(ROM), Video Cards, Sound Cards, Hard Disk Drive(HDD) and Solid State Drive(SSD).

Word Processor: Word processing Software is used to manipulate text docoumentssuch as an essay or a report.

Spreadsheet: Is used to organise and manipulate numerical data. Numbers are organised on a grid of lettered columns and numbered rows.The grid is made by cells. Each cell is identified by using a unique combination of columns and rows.

Control and Measuring Software: Is designed to allow a computer or microprocessor to interface with sensors so it is possible to: - Measure physical quantities. -Control applications by comparing sensor data with stored data and sending out signals.

Photo editing Software: It allows a user to manipulate digital photos on a computer. For ex. change contrast, saturation,etc. They allow a photografer to remove things to do a perfect photo.

Apps: Is the type of software that runs on mobiles or tablets. - Video and music streaming. - GPS. - Camera facilities

Video editing Software: It allows a user to manipulate a video to make a edited video.

Compiler: Is a computer program that translates a program written in a high-level-language into machine code. The original program is called the source code and the code after compilation is called the object code.

Linkers: Is a computer program that takes one or more objects files produced by a compiler and combines them into a single program that can be run on a computer. this simplifies the task because it allows the program to be broken into small.

Device Driver: Is a software that enables one or more hardware devices to comunicate to the operating system. Without this a hardware device would be unable to work on the computer.

Operating Systems: Is essentialy software running in the background of a computer system. It manages many of the basic functions. OS allows. Input/output operations, error handing to take place, etc.

Utilities: Utility programs are softwares that has been designed to carry out especific tasks on a computer. Examples include: Antivirus, Anti-spyware, Back up of files, etc.

Motherboard: Is a circuit board find in all computers. It allows the processor to function and to comunicate with each other. One of the most important functions of a motherboard is to waork asa a "hub" that other devices use it to connect to.

RAM: Is a internal chip which data is temporaly stored when running applications.

ROM: Is a memory that is used to store information that need to be permanent. Is usualy used to store for example data for a computer system.

Video Card: Allows the computer to send graphical information to to a video display device such as a monitor. Video Cards Have: A processing unit, Memory unit( usualy RAM), cooling mechanism, connection to a display unit.

Sound Card: Is an integrated circuit bored that provides a computer with the ability to produce sounds. Sound cards use two basic methods to translate digital data into analogue signals: FM Synthesis and Wavetable Synthesis.

HDD and SSD: HDD are magnetic and are one of the main methods of storing data. Now computers use newer storing systems like SSD which is replacing HDD in many cases.

CPU: Is the part of the computer that interprets and executes the commands of the hardware and software. Is usualy made up of discrete components and small circuits. CPU is made up of a control unit that controls the input and output of devices; ALU that carries out calculations and make logical decisions and the RAM.

To make a computer system function it is need of an Operation System (OS)

The typical tasks of a OS are: -Control of the opeeration of the input, output and backing storage devices - Supervising the loading, running and storage of application programs. - Dealing with errors that occurr in applications programs. - Maintaining security in all the computer system. - Maintaining a computer log. - Allowing communication between the user and the computer system.

CLI requires a usser to type instructions to choose options for menu. The user also has to put some commands so to go on with basic operations. Having to put tese commands each operation is slow but the advantage of CLI i that the user is constantly in communication with the computer.

GUI allows the user to interact with a computer using pictures or icons instead of typing some commands. GUIs use various technologies devices to provide the user interface. One of them is the WIMP which was developed for use on personal computers. Her a mouse is needed to control the cursor and icons are selected to open windows. Each window has an application, and modern widows allow several windows to be open at the same time. In the recent years , devices such us touch-screen phones use post-WIMP interaction.

This type of computer is made up of a separate monitor, a keyboard, mouse and a processor unit.
The advantags of Pc Desk tops computers over Laptops are the following:

• Separe parts and connections tend to be standarised = lower costs.
• It tends to have a better specification.
• Power consumption is not critical cause it is plug in a wall socket.
• They are usualy fixed in one location
• Internet is more estable since they are in one place without move.
  Disadvantages:
• They are not portable
• As is not portable is necessary to copy files for doing some work elsewhere.
• They tend to be more complicated.

It refers to a device that has the keyboard, monitor, pointing device and processor in one single unit. Is very portable.
Key features:

• Lightweight
• Low power consumption
• The processor shouldn´t generate so much heat
  Advantages in comparison with a desk top pc:
• Its portability.
• Their are not trailing wires
• They can take full advantage of Wi-Fi
• They can link into any multimedia system
  Disadvantages in comparison with a desktop computer:
• They are easier to steal because of their portability
• They have very limited battery life
• The keyboard and their pointing devices can be awkward to use
  

Tablets are relatively new internet-enabled portable computers. They work like a smartphone, they use the touch-screen technology and they usualy don´t have a conventional keyboard, they have the keyboard in the screen. Internet access is by Wi-Fi or by 3G/4G/5G connectivity.

Some features of tablets are: - HD. - Front and back cameras. - Lower weight. - Longer battery life. - Bluetooth. - Flash memory. - Sensors to carry out the following functions: - Proximity Sensors.- Accelerometer, detects movement. - Can use sophisticated speech-recognitions systems.

Advantages in comparison with laptops: - Very fast to switch on. - Fully portable. - Touch-screen technology = easy to use. - Can use several apps as standard. - Don´t generate any heat. - Longer battery life. Disadvantages: - They often have a limited memory. - They can be expensive to run. - Typing can be slow. - transferring of files always has to be done through an app store. - Laptops tend to support more types of file.

Functions: - Internet Connectivity. - Ability to make and take phone calls. - Messaging via text or videos. - Fitness and health-monitoring capability. - GPS.

It allows users to have a mini computer on their wrists. It has the same function of smartphones and they use OLED technology. They use touch-screen tehno. and they can link with other smartphones by bluetooth.

Advantages of Smartwatches:

• They are even more convinient than smatphones since techno. delivers notifictions directly to the watch.
• They are very easy to use.
  Disadvantages:
• Are very large an bulky
• They tend to be a unattractive design.
  

A mainframe Computer is a large and very powerful computer system.
Their main purpose is to run commercial applications,such as banking and insurance.

Features: - They can have several CPUs - They have a very fast processor speed. - They can support multiple OS. - They have a huge amount of storage capacity. - They have huge internal memories. -

AI: A known problem with biometric techno. is that many fingerprint identification system falsely reject a person´s fingerprints. AI overcomes this problem using dynamic profiling. The system learns from the different alignments an is therfore still able to match the fingerprints to those stored on the database. Facial recognition systems have the same problem. Computarised facial recognition are confused by such soft biometric changes. New systems use AI to learn scanning faces.

Vision enhacement: Low vision enhacement systems use video technology through a headset connected to a computer. The systems allows images to be projected inside the headset in front of the eyes.
Night vision enhacement amplifies infrared lights and visible light so that an image can still be seen in apparent darkness. The dim light source is captured and passed through an image transifer tube, which converts the light in electrons.

Quantum cryptography: Criptography is the science of making a message unintelligible to any hacker. This action is refered as an encryption. A consequence of this is that a hacker little by little can decipher encrypted messages unnless computer designers can further strengthen security systems.
Quantum cryptography is based on the use of photos and their physical quantum properties to produce a virtually unbreakable cryptography system.

Computer-assisted translation: Existing online language translators hav a very limited use.
CAT goes some way to overcome these issues. CAT is a type of translator that ues a specific software to help in the translator process.
CAT use two tools:

• Termiology databases
• Translation memories

3D and Holography Imaging: Holography is a technology that allows 3D images to be produced.
The techno involves the use of:

• A source of laser light
• Interference of light
• Light diffraction
• Light intensity recording
  As a holographic image is rotated, it appears to move in the same way as the original object, thus appearing to be in 3D.
  The hologram is produced by first splitting a laser beam.
  Half of the light is reflectedoff the object and the other half is reflected off a mirror.
  Holograms have the following applications:
• Engineering design
• Arquitechture
• Simulations
• Medical imaging
• Cinema
• Gaming
• Advertising
• Holographic televisions
• Holographic computer memories
• Optical computers

Virual Reality: Is an artificial enviroment created by software. The user makes use of some devices that can make him get a feeeling of reality.
Virtual Reality is used in all of these areas:

• Military apps
• Education
• Healthcare
• Entertainment
• Fashion
• Heritage
• Buisness
• Real estate
• Engineering
• Sport
• Media
• Scientific