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Chapter 24 : Nuclear Physics :explode: (Nuclear Binding Energy (Binding…
Chapter 24 : Nuclear Physics :explode:
1)Nuclear compositions (atomic nucleus):
positive charged
neutral neutrons
2)Nuclear mass,mass units,u
1u= 1.666559x10^27 kg
3) Nuclear radius,r = (1.2x10^-15) A
Nuclear symbol
A = number of protons and neutrons
Z = Number of protons
Isotopes : Nuclei same number of protons but diff number of neutrons
Decay curve and half-lives
the rate of the decrease in the number of nuclei is proportional to the number of nuclei present
Half-life,T1/2
Number of nuclei at anytime,t
Radioactivity
Radioactive isotopes
: Unstable isotopes emit radiactive radiations
Types of radiations :
Beta particles
negatively charged electrons or positively charged positron
aluminium
disintegrations of nucleus
Gamma rays
Highly energy photons
Highly penentrative
eg; Lead
due to transition of excited nucleus
Alpha particles
positively charged helium nuclei
paper
disintegrations of nucleus
Nuclear Binding Energy
Binding energy :-
1) As nuclei get larger, more neutrons are required for stability.
2) The higher the binding energy per nucleon, the more stable is the nucleus.
Mass defect is the difference the total mass of the constituents and the mass of the nucleas
Formula - ∆m = M-(Zmp + Nmn)
Uses of radioactive decay
Smoke detectors
Radioactive tracers
Carbon Dating
Nuclear reaction equation : a+X=Y+b
The reaction energy : Q=(Ma+Mx-My-Mb)c^2
Nuclear Reaction
Nuclear Fusion
when two low mass nucleus combined or 'fused' to form a more massive nucleus that has greater binding energy per nucleon
energy is released
requires extremely high temperature
Nuclear Fission
massive nucleus splits into two less massive molecules by absorption of a neutron
main reactions in nuclear energy reactors
Radioactive radiations
NUR ATIQAH FATEHAH BT MOHD AZHAN
AS10910
KULIAH 16
