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Genetics (Replication of DNA DNA rep (Replicon (One strand of DNA is cut),…
Genetics
Replication of DNA
Replicon
One strand of DNA is cut
Two strands separate
Form a "bubble"
"Bubble" of DNA
Primer RNA
RNA polymerized into short pieces
DNA Polymerase
DNA synthesizing enzyme
Semiconservative Replication
Each DNA strand acts as a template
Template makes complementary DNA strand
Replication Fork
DNA uncoils and separates
Creates a "fork like" appearance
Ligated
Attached covalently
Monohybrid Crosses
With Incomplete Dominance
Parental Generation
The parents
F1 Generation
First generation
F2 generation
Offspring of the F1 generation
Homozygous
Two of the same allele
Heterozygous
Two different alleles
With Complete Dominance
Dominant
Gene that covers up other genes
Recessive
Genes that get covered up by others usually
Test Crosses
How to reveal a genotype
Involves the plant in question and a homozygous recessive plant
Crossing Heterozygotes with Themselves
Selfing
When a plants pollen fertilizes itself
Multiple Alleles
Gene that exists in many forms
Concepts
Genetics
Science of Inheritance
Alleles
Forms of genes
Genotype
Types of Alleles in an organism
Phenotype
Expression of alleles in the individual
Size
Color
Shape
Metabolism
Mutations
#
Causes
Mutagen
Something that causes mutations
Insertion Sequences
Few thousand base pairs long
Contain coding genes for enzymes
Transposon
Contain genes that code for proteins
Effects
Effect depends on
Nature
Position
Extent
Occuring in Spacer DNA
No effect
Somatic Mutations
Mutations that happen in cells that never become sex cells
DNA Repair Process
Dihybrid Crosses
Genes on Separate Chromosomes: Independent Assortment
Independent Assortment
Two genes on separate chromosomes
One gene moves independently of the other
Crossing Over
Genes on the Same Chromosome: Linkage
Two genes that are close together on a chromosome
Genes don't undergo independent assortment
Genes are said to be linked
Where two genes are studied together
Multiple Genes for One Character
Epistasis
Having multiple genes for each trait
Quantitative Trait Loci
Genes or other portions of DNA associated with traits
Pleiotropic Effects
Multiple phenotypic effects of one mutation
Other Aspects of Inheritance
Maternal Inheritance
Biparental Inheritance
Alleles of both parents are transmitted equally to the offspring
Uniparental Inheritance
Maternal Inheritance
zygote obtains all genomes from maternal parent
Lethal Alleles
Presence can be difficult to detect if early
Multiple Sets of Chromosomes and Gene Families
Polyploid
Plants with more than two sets of chromosomes
Paralog
#
Duplicates of a gene
Gene family
#
Up to 600 paralogs
