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Community Ecology (Community (Recently we have begun community restoration…

- - - - These two constitute the functional response of the predator
        
        Since feeding rate is highly dependent on prey density, the functional response of predators is prey-dependent
      - Sometimes, when conditions are optimized for the prey, the feeding rate may become so high that the prey are hunted to extinction, which leads to the very possible demise of the predators
        
        This is called the paradox of enrichment
  - - - Fixed effort harvesting means that the more numerous a population is, the more it is harvested
        
        Rising populations of coyotes may result in payment given to anyone who kills a number of them due to their intruding into suburban areas
        
        Falling populations of elephants has resulted in the illegality of killing any elephants
        
        Except for rich people, but that's somewhat of a complex issue, since all the money from legal hunting goes to conservation efforts
      - Another method of harvesting is fixed quota harvesting
        
        This means that, per hunting season, each hunter or each fleet is only allowed to kill x amount of a certain species
  - - - Probability of encountering prey
      - Predator's decision to attack prey
        
        These factors are taken into consideration in the process of understanding why herbivores eat some plants over others
        
        The studying of this has resulted in the optimal foraging theory
        
        From the optimal foraging theory has sprouted the optimal diet model
        
        Within the optimal diet model are four predictions
        
        Predators should tend towards prey with the highest energy yield
        
        When the high-yield prey is found to be scarce, the predator should broaden its diet
        
        Some prey will always be eaten upon being encountered; others will never be
        
        The probability of a plant being consumed is relative to the abundance and energy yield of other plants
      - Probability that attacked prey will be eaten
  - - - Exploitation Competition
        
        One organism uses a resource, making it unable to be used by the other organisms
        
        One definition of resource is any substance that results in population growth for an organism's species when used
      - Interference Competition
        
        One organism restricts another organism's access to a resource, whether or not the first organism is actually using the resource
        
        For example, if we have a mongoose hunting a venomous snake, but a pair of jackals are nearby, the mongoose would have to run away instead of making a meal out of the snake. The jackals are too slow to avoid getting bitten by the snake, so they likely wouldn't make the attempt, but they're far too big for the mongoose to have any sort of confrontation
      - When a species simply outclasses all local competition, that species is invasive
        
        This can also result in an increased rate of hunting by humans
        
        One example is the invasive constrictor snakes in Florida
        
        The conservationist in me hates what the snakes are doing to the environment, but this also sets up a clash between two super predators. Always on the bright side.
      - Apparent Competition
        
        This doesn't seem to be true competition. It is caused by one species of plant sustaining a larger population of herbivorous species, which coincidentally results in other plants being eaten at higher rates
- - - - S=cA^z
        
        S is the number of species, A is the area, and c and z are constants which must be discovered by surveying all the communities being compared
  - - - This is useful for seeing a realistic figure of the real diversity one might see in person
- - - - Similar in concept to altruism, but probably without intention due to lack of an increase in fitness
- - - - Both food chains and food webs show the flow of energy in the community
      - Even thorough food webs usually don't catalog every species; this is acceptable as long as the keystone species are noted
        
        A keystone species is one which the community would fall apart without
        
        Example of this