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Elderly male with stomach cancer and gall bladder removed with feeding…

- - - - Alimentary canal
        
        Also called Gastrointestinal tract (gut)
        
        continuous muscular tube that winds through the body from the mouth to the anus.
        
        It digest food, it breaks it down into smaller fragments and absorbs it through it lining blood.
        
        Digestive System Activity
        
        Ingestion
        
        is taking food into the digestive tract (eating)
        
        Propulsion
        
        which moves food through alimentary canal, includes swallowing, which is initiated voluntarily, and peristalsis, an involuntary process
        
        Progressive, wavelike contractions that move foodstuff through the alimentary tube organs
        
        Mechanical Breakdown
        
        Increase of surface area of ingested food, physically preparing it for digestion by enzymes.
        
        Segmentation
        
        Rhythmic local constrictions of the small intestine
        
        It mixes food with digestive juices
        
        Absorption
        
        Is the passage of digested products ( minerals, vitamins,and water) from the lumen of the GI tract through the mucosal cells by active or passive transport into the blood or lymph.
        
        Digestion
        
        Enzymes secreted into the lumen( cavity) of the alimentary canal breakdown complex to chemical building blocks
        
        Defecation
        
        Eliminates indigestible substances from the body via the anus in the form of feces
      - Accessory Digestive Organs
        
        Oral cavity: Teeth and mouth
        
        Digestive glands and gall bladder are outside of the GI tract and connect by ducts
        
        Produce variety of secretions that help breakdown foodstuffs
  - - - General info
        
        Temporary reservoir in the GI tract where chemical breakdown of proteins begins and food is converted into chyme
        
        Temporary "storage tank"
        
        Chyme
        
        Semi fluid, creamy mass consisting of partially digested food and gastric juice
      - Gross Anatomy
        
        Fundus
        
        Base of an organ; part farthest from the opening of the organ.
        
        Body
        
        continuously inferiorly with the funnel-shaped PYLORIC PART
        
        Cardia
        
        surrounds the cardial orifice through which food enters the stomach from the esophagus
        
        Pyloric Sphincter
        
        Valve of the distal end of the stomach that controls food entry into the duodedum
        
        Great Curvature
        
        Convex lateral surface of the stomach
        
        Lesser Curvature
        
        Concave medial surface
        
        Lesser Omentum
        
        Runs from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach
        
        Greater Omentum
        
        Drapes inferiorly from the greater curvature of the stomach to cover the coils in the small intestine
      - Microscopic Anatomy of Stomach
        
        Muscularis Mucosae
        
        Also called the lamina muscularis mucosae, this is the thin layer of smooth muscle found in most parts of the gastrointestinal tract. It is located outside the lamina propria mucosae and separates it from the submucosa.
        
        Submucosa
        
        A layer of connective tissue beneath a mucous membrane.
        
        Muscularis Externa
        
        A region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body that is adjacent to the submucosa membrane. It is responsible for gut movements, such as peristalsis.
        
        Gastric Acid
        
        It kils most of the bacteria in the food, stimulates hunger, and activates pepsinogen into pepsin
        
        It denatures the complex protein molecule as a precursor to protein digestion through enzyme action in the stomach and small intestines.
        
        Type pf Gland cells
        
        Parietal cells
        
        secrete hydrochloricacid and intrinsic factor
        
        Chief cells
        
        Produce pepsinogen, the inactive form of pepsin
        
        Mucous neck cells
        
        Produce thin, soluble acidic mucus
        
        Enteroendocrine cells
        
        release chemical messengers directly into the interstitial fluid of the laminia propia
    - - Lobed accessory organ that overlies the stomach; produces bile to help digest fat, and serves other metabolic and regulatory functions.
      - Round ligament
        
        A fibrous remnant of the fetal umbilical vein
      - Hepatic artery proper
      - Hepatic portal vein
      - Porta hepatis
        
        Gateway to the liver
      - Falciform ligament
        
        separates the right and left lobes anteriorly and suspends the liver from the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall
      - Common hepatic duct
      - Cystic duct
        
        Draining the gallbladder for form bile duct
    - - Thin-walled muscular sac that may appear green when filed with bile
      - Stores bile that is not immediately needed for digestion and concentrates by absorbing some of it water and ions
    - - Produces enzymes that break down all categories of foodstuffs
      - Pancreatic juice
        
        Bicarbonate-rich secretion of the pancreas containing enzymes for digestion of all food categories
      - Acini
        
        cluster of secretory acinar cells that produce the ezyme-rich component of pancreatic juice
      - Zymogen granules
        
        contain inactive digestive enzymes
      - Ducts
        
        transports secretion of acinar cells
    - - Duct System
        
        Main pacreatic duct
        
        carrying pancreatic juice from the pancreas
        
        Hepatopancreatic ampulla
        
        Major duodenal papilla
        
        Hepatopancreatic sphincter
        
        Smooth muscle valve
    - - Portion of the digestive tract ending from the ileocecal valve tot he anus; includes the cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anal canal.
      - Gross Anatomy
        
        Haustra
        
        Epiploic appendages
        
        Teniae coli
        
        Subdivisions
        
        cecum
        
        The blind-ended pouch at the beginning of the large intestine
        
        appendix
  - - - Carbohydrate digestion & Absorption in small int
        
        2 Brush border enzymes break oligo- and disaccharides into monosaccharides.
        
        The most important brush border enzymes are dextrinase and glucoamylase
        
        which act on oligosaccharides composed of more than three simple sugars, and maltase, sucrase, and lactase, which hydrolyze maltose, sucrose, and lactose
        
        3 Monosaccharides are cotransported across the apical membrane of the enterocyte.
        
        1 Pancreatic amylase breaks down starch and glycogen into oligosaccharides and disaccharides.
        
        Starchy foods and other digestible carbohydrates that escape being broken down by salivary amylase are acted on by pancreatic amylase in the small intestine.
        
        4 Monosaccharides exit across the basolateral membrane by facilitated diffusion.
    - - Digested in GI tract
        
        enzyme proteins
        
        Protein derived from sloughed and disintegrating mucosal cells
        
        Dietary proteins
      - healthy individuals digest much of this protein all the way to its amino acids monomers
        
        Amino Acid
        
        Organic compound containing nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; building block of protein
    - - 3 Micelle formation
        
        As the water-insoluble products of fat digestion—the monoglycerides and free fatty acids—are liberated by lipase activity, they quickly become associated with bile salts and lecithin (a phospholipid found in bile) to form micelles.
        
        Micelles
        
        A collection of fatty elements clustered together with bile salts in such a way that the polar ends of the molecules face the water and the non polar portions form the core
      - 4 Diffusion
        
        Upon reaching the enterocytes, the various lipid substances leave the micelles and move through the apical plasma membrane by simple diffusion.
      - 2 Digestion
        
        Pancreatic lipases catalyze the breakdown of triglycerides by splitting off two of the fatty acid chains, yielding free fatty acids and monoglycerides
        
        Fatty Acids
        
        Linear chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms with an organic acid group at one end.
      - 5 Chylomicron formation
        
        The triglycerides are then combined with lecithin and other phospholipids and cholesterol, and coated with a “skin” of proteins to form water-soluble lipoprotein droplets called chylomicrons
      - 1 Emulsification
        
        Because triglycerides and their breakdown products are insoluble in water, fats need special “pretreatment” with bile salts to be digested in the watery environment of the small intestine.
      - 6 Chylomicron transport
        
        he milky-white chylomicrons are too large to pass through either the plasma membrane of the enterocyte or the basement membrane of a blood capillary. Instead, the chylomicron-containing vesicles migrate to the basolateral membrane and are extruded by exocytosis.
    - - The nuclei of the cells of ingested foods contain DNA and RNA.
      - Pancreatic nucleases
        
        in pancreatic juice hydrolyze the nucleic acids to their nucleotide monomers
        
        Nucleaotide
        
        Building block of nucleic acids; consists of sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group.
    - - The small intestine absorbs dietary vitamins, and the large intestine absorbs some of the K and B vitamins made by its gut bacterial “guests.”
    - - Absorbed electrolytes come from both ingested foods and gastrointestinal secretions.
    - - water uptake is effectively coupled to solute uptake and, in turn, affects the absorption of substances that normally pass by diffusion. As water moves into mucosal cells, these substances follow along their concentration gradients.
  - - - Amylase is a digestive enzyme essential for our digestion of carbohydrates, as amylase breaks down starches into sugars.
    - - Lactase is a type of enzyme that breaks down the sugar, lactose, found in dairy products.
    - - Lipase is the enzyme responsible for the breakdown of fats that we consume. Specifically, lipase breaks fats into fatty acids and glycerol (simple sugar alcohol).
    - - Maltase is secreted by the small intestine and is responsible for breaking down maltose (malt sugar).
    - - Proteases are digestive enzymes that break down proteins into amino acids. Here are the major types of proteases found within the human digestive tract:
        
        Chymotrypsin
        
        Pepsin
        
        Carboxypeptidase B
        
        Trypsin
        
        Carboxypeptidase A
  - - - the stomach helps maintain homeostasis because it breaks down food and helps maintain balance of nutrients in our body
    - - When food enters the mouth and passes through the digestive system, it sends a multitude of interacting signals to the brain, loaded with sensory, nutritive, and other information
      - Digestive processes provide the building blocks for some neurotransmitters.
      - The autonomic nervous system controls the tone of the digestive tract
      - The brain controls drinking and feeding behavior
      - The brain controls muscles for eating and elimination
      - The digestive system sends sensory information to the brain.
    - - Absorption
        
        process of transporting these smaller molecules across the intestinal wall
      - Elimination
        
        undigested portions of food and waste products are removed from the body
      - Digestion
        
        large food molecules are broken down to smaller molecules, both mechanically and chemically
- - - - bleeding in esophagus