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The psychodynamic perspective (The Psychosexual Stages: (To be…

- - - - Ego - acts rationally, balancing the ID and the superego (i.e. acts according to the 'reality principle') (develops years 2-4). (Maybe we can compromise)
        
        The EGO Defense Mechanism: The ego balances potential conflict between the ID and superego, and tries to reduce anxiety.
        
        Repression – burying an unpleasant thought or desire in the unconscious (e.g. traumatic childhood experiences may be repressed and so forgotten).
        
        Displacement – emotions are directed away from their source or target, towards other things (e.g. wringing a dishcloth in anger, which would have otherwise been directed at the cat scratching the furniture).
        
        Denial – a threatening thought is ignored or treated as if it were not true (e.g. a wife might find evidence that her husband is cheating on her, but explain it away using other reasons).
        
        Projection - attributing unacceptable desires to others
        
        Rationalisation - justifying behaviours by substituting acceptable reasons for less acceptable real reasons
        
        Reaction formation- Reading anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to your own beliefs.
        
        Regression - returning to coping strategies for less mature stages of development
        
        Sublimation - redirecting acceptable desires through socially acceptable channels
      - Superego – concerned with keeping to moral norms (i.e. acts according to the ‘morality principle’), and attempts to control a powerful ID with feelings of guilt (develops years 4-5).(Its not right to do that)
      - ID – driving us to satisfy selfish urges (i.e. acts according to the 'pleasure principle') (exists from birth) (I want to do that now)
- - - - Forceful feeding, deprivation, early weaning
        
        oral activities (smoking) , dependency, aggression.
    - - Toilet training (too harsh or relaxed)
        
        obsessiveness, tidiness, meanness, untidiness, generosity
    - - Abnormal family setup, leading to unusual relationship with mother/father
        
        Vanity, self-obsession, sexual anxiety, inadequacy, inferiority, envy
- - - - The accepted link between childhood experience and adult characteristics was highlighted.
      - Case study methodology embraces our complex behaviour by gathering rich information, and on an individual basis – an idiographic approach – when conducting research.
        
        The idiographic approach focus on the individual and emphasise the unique personal experience of human nature
      - Modern day psychiatry still utilizes Freudian psychoanalytic techniques.
  - - - overemphasises childhood experience as the source of abnormality (although modern psychodynamic theories give more recognition to the adult problems of everyday life, such as the effects of negative interpersonal relationships).
      - By using case studies to support theories, the approach does not use controlled experiments to collect empirical evidence, less scientific than other approaches.
      - Case study evidence is difficult to generalise to wider populations.