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L4 - Structure of animal industries (General Industry Structure…

- - - - Local
      - State
      - Commonwealth
      - International
      - Regulations and politics vary in each country
        
        e.g. where are you licensed to practice?
    - - E.g. political representation
        
        important to ensure that you are not left out of decision making and have a voice in parliament
    - - Funding mechanism
      - Government or non-government (e.g. philanthropic)
    - - Who is Involved in Inputs and Outputs Required On-Farm?
        
        Livestock agents
        
        Abattoirs
        
        Veterinarians
        
        drugs and vaccines
        
        e.g. S4 drugs can only be administered by vets
        
        Fertiliser companies
        
        Genetics companies
        
        Feed companies
        
        Transport companies
        
        for both livestock and produce
        
        Infrastructure supplies
        (building, water, power, etc.)
        
        e.g. a lot of power required for milking cows,
        a lot of water required for farming chickens etc.
        
        need failsafes in place such that if there is loss of power, the implications on milking will not be too severe
        
        Animal health and identification
        
        e.g. in tracing infectious diseases such as FMD
        
        Retailers
        
        Others
    - - Larger industry
        
        generally have larger and more complicated structures
        
        E.g. Cattle/ livestock industry
        
        require more funding than a domestic industry
- - - - e.g. Sheep Producers Australia and Cattle Council in Australia
    - - e.g. EHS services
- - - - staying competitive is a challenge in Australia
        due to a lack of government assistance
    - - e.g. some funding to MLA and AWI
    - - N.B. that research costs a lot of money
  - - - increased research
        
        Productivity
        
        e.g. around grazing to maximise pasture usage
        
        Health
        
        focus for vets
        
        e.g. if we find a way to address mastitis, we can increase productivity, health and welfare
        
        Others
    - - Budget for Australian Wool Innovation (AWI)
        in 2013/14 was $57 million
      - canine investment of tens or hundreds of thousands in total
    - - IP, patents etc.
      - Public don’t see much outside of
        what is required for public administration:
        
        intellectual property is typically held
        by pharmaceutical companies rather than AWI etc.
  - - - Funding by
        
        Much of research is done by companies that receive a fixed amount of money per animal sold or per kilogram sold
        
        E.g. MLA (meat and livestock Australia) receives money from producers when sheep are sold for more than $6: can receive 2% of sheep sale price (up to 20c per sheep), and 2% of lamb sale price (up to $.150)
        
        MLA also carries out a national survey
        to ensure that there are no antibodies in meat
        
        → provide proof of clean green production industry
        
        Money is sometimes matched by government funding
      - Influence
        
        R&D&E (research and development and extension) +/- marketing
        
        may involve vets
      - Examples
        
        CSIRO, INRA (in France) etc.
        
        many countries have overarching countries
        that do research at a national level
    - - In Australia: provide funding to
        
        Build critical mass in research ventures between end-users and researchers
        
        To tackle clearly articulated, major challenges for the end users
        
        In other words, there is overlap in research
        
        different groups may be doing the same research
        at different times
        
        CRCs integrate this research to tackle major problems in the industry, solving these problems with the right stakeholders in the industry
        
        Pursue solutions to these challenges that are innovative, of high impact and capable of being effectively deployed by the end uses
      - Examples
        
        ○ Australian Seafood
        ○ Sheep Industry Innovation,
        ○ Internationally Competitive Pork Industry,
        ○ Invasive Animals,
        ○ Beef Genetic Technologies,
        ○ Dairy Futures,
        ○ Future Farm Industries &Poultry
    - - Universities are important
        due to research background and access to resources
      - Example
        
        Non-Veterinary Schools/ Faculties in Australia
        
        Many, but with particular links with Faculties of Agriculture, Science, Biomedicine, Psychology, Medicine etc.
        
        E.g.: social sciences can investigate why farmers behave a certain way, what increases their happiness etc.
        
        All can be part of CRCs or allied with commercial research (e.g. with veterinary pharmaceutical industry) etc.
        
        Veterinary Schools/ Faculties in Australasia
        
        ○ Unimelb
        ○ Uni of Sydney
        ○ Uni of Queensland
        ○ Murdoch
        ○ Charles Sturt
        ○ James Cook
        ○ Uni of Adelaide
        ○ Massey University
- - - - eg. vaccines, anthelmintics (deworming) etc.
- - - - consider the example of Australia vs. Indonesian live cattle export/ import
  - - - What is needed to produce a veterinary pharmaceutical?
    - - Changes across state/ region borders
      - Role of veterinarian
    - - Withholding period is local, while export-slaughter interval is international
      - Need to be aware of these regulations (e.g. tetracycline has a particularly long ESI)
- - - - Pressure on international retailers regarding mulesing
    - - Many producers may not understand the difference as they get their information from the media, which is often incorrect + blurring of the lines, depending on the issue
    - - Also has prosecution/ investigation powers
      - Work on policy in conjunction with government (committee etc.)