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A friend has sallow skin, eyes are bloodshot and a bit a yellow, and her…

- - - - Protien
        
        Needed in adequate quantities to replace worn out protein structures
        
        from meat, dairy products, poultry, fish, bean, and nuts
        
        Major source of nitrogen
        
        needed for synthesizing nitrogen-containing molecules
        
        Vegetarians do not eat meat, fish, or poultry
        
        Lacto-ovo vegetarians do not eat animal flesh, but eat milk, eggs, and cheese
        
        Vegans do not eat any animal products
      - Lipids
        
        Triglycerides
        
        another major energy-providing molecule
        
        obtained in fats and oil
        
        Cholesterol
        
        component of all animal-based products
        
        also produced through metabolic pathways in the liver
        
        precursor molecule for formation of steroid hormones, bile salts, and fat-soluble vitamins
      - Carbohydrates
        
        starch, a polysaccharide, found in potatoes, bread, etc.
        
        Lactose, a disaccharide, found in milk
        
        obtained form diet
        
        Glucose, the major carbohydrate providing energy
        
        sucrose, disaccharide containing glucose and fructose
      - Vitamins
        
        organic molecules required for normal metabolism
        
        water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water
        
        include B vitamins and vitamin C
        
        excess excreted in the urine
        
        fat-soluble vitamins dissolve in fat
        
        include vitamins A,D,E, and K
        
        excess stored within fat
        
        may become toxic if taken in excess
        
        essential vitamins must be provided in the diet
        
        may result in deficiency if intake or absorption is impaired
        
        e.g., vitamin C, vitamin A
        
        Nonessential vitamins
        
        cofactors the body prodcues and recycles as needed
      - Water
        
        considered to be a nutrient by some
      - Minerals
        
        inorganic ions obtained from the diet required in daily amounts
        
        Iron
        
        present in hemoglobin, binding oxygen
        
        present in mitochondria in electron transport system binding electrons
        
        Calcium
        
        required for formation and maintenance of skeleton
        
        required for blood clotting and exocytosis of neurotransmitters
        
        Sodium and Potassium
        
        maintain resting membrane potential in excitable cells
        
        required to generate action potential
        
        Iodine
        
        needed to produce thyroid hormone
        
        Zinc
        
        roles in protein synthesis and wound healing
  - - - age
      - sex
      - body mass
      - physical activity
      - health
      - pregancy
    - - originally established by Food and Nutrition Board
      - reviewed and updated periodically
      - used for food planning, food labeling, education, etc.
  - - - formed from amino acids
      - nonessential amino acids, able to be made in the body
      - essential amino acids, obtained from diet
      - complete protein, supplying all essential amino acids
      - incomplete proteins, low in one or more essential amino acids
    - - diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
      - includes triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids
    - - Has three sugars
        
        monosaccharides
        
        disaccharides
        
        polysaccharides
    - - obtained primarily in foods
      - each type of food with a variety
      - no one food containing all that we require
  - - - time eating, digestion, and absorbing nutrients
      - Concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, and amino acids
        
        increasing as they are absorbed from GI tract
      - Blood glucose levels maintained within 70 to 110 mg/dL
    - - Major regulatory hormone released during absorptive state
      - Release occurring in response to increase blood glucose levels
      - Stimulates liver and muscle cells to form glycogen from glucose
      - Affects adipose tissue
        
        increases uptake of triglycerides from blood
        
        stimulates lipogenesis and inhibits lipolysis
      - Stimulates most cells to increase amino acid uptake
        
        causes accelerated protein synthesis
    - - Time between meals
        
        Body relying on stores of nutrients
        
        Body working to maintain homeostatic levels of nutrients
    - - Major regulatory hormone released during prostabsorptive state
      - released in response to decreasing blood glucose levels
      - stimulates liver to increase breakdown of glycogen to glucose
      - stimulates gluconeogensis from noncarbohydrate sources
      - causes adipose tissue to break down triglycerides
      - has no effect on amino acids or protein in cells
    - - very-low-density lipoproteins
        
        assembled within liver and released into blood
        
        circulate in the blood to release triglycerides to peripheral tissues
        
        primarily adipose tissue
        
        with release of triglycerides become low-density lipoprotein
      - high-density lopoprotein
        
        proteins formed in liver
        
        released into blood without addition of lipid
        
        circulate through blood without addition of lipid
        
        circulate through blood and "fill" with lipids from peripheral tissue
    - - metabolic rate- measure of energy used in a given time
      - basal metabolic rate- amount of energy used at rest
    - - BMR +metabolic associated with physical activity
- - - - plant-based protein sources often individually incomplete
        
        must obtain essential amino acids through complementary protein sources