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CH17: (Translation (Translation: synthesis of polypeptides from mRNA, tRNA…
CH17:
Translation
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tRNA: RNA that functions as a translator to transfer amino acids from the cytoplasm to a polypeptide in a ribosome
tRNA takes the form of a cloverleaf, w/ a specific amino acid at one end and a triplet at the other
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For base pairing, RNA must be antiparallel
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Translation initiation complex: mRNA, tRNA, and a ribosome meet in initiation
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Post translational modification: enzymes may remove leading amino acids or other organic compounds attached
Signal peptide: targets the protein to the ER, causes free ribosomes to become bound
SRP: protein RNA complex, escorts ribosomes to the ER
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Transcription
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Nucleotides are added to the split DNA, then peels away for the DNA to reform
Eukaryotes have a process called polyadenylation, where RNA synthesis is cut short to form pre-RNA
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Alternative RNA splicing: genes can become different RNA based on what segments are treated as exons
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Mutations
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Genetic mutations lead to mRNA misproducing proteins, which can negatively alter the structure of the body
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Genes
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Enzymes build all structures of the body, so a faulty enzyme causes disease
DNA doesnt directly build protein, but does so through RNA
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